马克思关于人的本质认识的发展历程

人的本质的科学内涵及其实现形式是千百年来人类孜孜以求的永恒课题,马克思在不同的时空背景下对这个问题的理性思考和实践探索,构成了马克思实践哲学的内在逻辑线索。从某种意义上说,一部马克思实践哲学史,就是探索人的本质的科学内涵及其实现形式的历史。马克思对人的本质问题的探索是随着马克思哲学的形成和发展而不断深入的,这个过程同时也是对传统本体论哲学,尤其是黑格尔和费尔巴哈的人的本质思想的扬弃过程,经历了一个从研究人的“自我意识”到人的“类本质”再到人的现实本质过程。     

马克思关于人的本质思想的逻辑生成

马克思以前的哲学家从唯心史观出发,不理解人的实践活动和人所处的社会关系,对人的本质的回答必然停留在抽象的层面。马克思关于人的本质的思想也并非一开始就是马克思主义的,而是在批判前人的基础上,一步步走向成熟和科学的。     

基于马克思主义理论视角的人的本质探析

人是什么?这个看似简单实则复杂的问题,历经了几个世纪的探讨,无数先哲的阐释,至今仍然没有固定的答案。那么,人的本质究竟是什么?马克思对这一问题做出了准确的理论上的概括。马克思关于人的本质的思想主要有三个命题,并且这三个命题又是紧密联系,密不可分的。     

马克思实践观中的总体性意蕴

马克思以“实践”为其哲学的核心概念,实现了从传统本体论到现代本体论的重大转变。马克思的“实践本体论”就是以实践为根据去理解人的存在、人的本质、人的思维和人的世界。实践作为人的本质活动,它的目标就是追求和谐与统一、追求人的更加完满的存在方式的实现。不管是从实践的本体意义,还是从实践的过程及其追求目标来看,马克思的实践观中蕴含着丰富的总体性思想。     

历史与人的意志支配的实践

针对人类历史是不以人的意志为转移的合乎规律的客观发展过程的传统见解,本文提出正是人的意志支配下的对象性实践活动创造和改变了实际历史进程.历史发展的"合力论"不能成立.观察了各种理论派别对人类历史的基本理解,揭示辩证唯心主义、实证主义、人文主义解释学、传统历史唯物主义殊途同归,都将人类历史归结为精神的发展.只有马克思的"新唯物主义"的实践哲学揭示了实际历史过程的实践本质,启迪历史学朝着科学认知的实践的方向发展.     

马克思人的类本质思想及其当代价值探讨

《1844年经济学哲学手稿》(简称《手稿》)是马克思主义哲学诞生的摇篮,在这本著作中,马克思批判的继承了费尔巴哈的类本质思想,分析了人的类本质同人相异化的重要问题,提出了他的人的类本质思想,是建立马克思共产主义学说的重要理论基础和知识来源,对现代教育教学活动及以人为本的科学观等具有当代价值。     

马克思“古代所有制”理论研究

所有制是指生产资料归谁占有的制度,它在生产关系中起着举足轻重的作用。它体现着现实的人们之间最本质的社会关系,决定着劳动者和生产资料的结合方式。马克思对它非常重视。早在１８４５—１８４６年、１８５７年,马克思就对亚细亚的、古代的、日耳曼的、资本主义的所有制形式作过认真的研究,并提出了自己的看法。“古代所有制”理论是马克思所有制理论的重要组成部分,界定这一理论的内涵与外延,明确“古代所有制”与“奴隶所有制”之间的关系和区别,对于人们正确理解马克思的真实思想具有很大的意义。     

文化本质初探——基于唯物史观的视角

唯物史观认为,文化的本质应由人的本质所决定,而人的实践活动在人的本质构成上有重要意义。因此,以人的实践本质为视角来解读和规定文化本质,可以概括为:文化是人的类本质的对象化;文化是实践的历史积淀和对象化;文化是构成实践活动的内在机理和方式。     

马克思历史哲学中的时间问题

马克思对时间问题的论述,体现于其对实践、历史及其相互关系的理解之中。从实践哲学的视角来看,历史不过是人通过自身的实践活动现实地生成的过程,历史的起源是非时间性的,时间就内在于人类历史之中。历史的时间性与时间的历史性都根源于人的现实的实践活动。     

历史是人类社会的存在方式

人与社会的关系并不是谁先谁后,谁决定谁的问题,而是一个相互支撑的关系。人与社会的支撑点就是实践。人和社会都没有抽象的形而上学的规定,它们都是在实践活动中生成的,因此都具有历史的性质。人与社会的关系,正像鸡先还是蛋先的问题,只能在历史中才能解决。历史是人和社会的存在方式;正因如此,马克思和恩格斯才说:“我们仅仅知道一门唯一的科学,即历史科学。”     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.