敦煌文献的写本特征

敦煌文献以写本为主体,具有写本文献的特征,了解和认清其特证,是正确整理和研究敦煌文献最基础的环节,本文从敦煌文献分券不定、符号不定、内容不定、用字不定、文多疏误等五个方面,论述了敦煌文献的写本特征。     

《敦煌写本<太公家教>残片拾遗》补

关于敦煌文献中的《太公家教》残片的辨识,笔者有《敦煌写本<太公家教>残片拾遗》一文发表,该文以《俄藏敦煌文献》为重点调查对象,认定了《太公家教》写卷8件.此后笔者在调查《英藏敦煌文献(汉文佛经以外部份)》、《法藏敦煌西域文献》、《国家图书馆藏敦煌遗书》、《甘肃藏敦煌文献》等敦煌文献时又认定了《太公家教》写卷6件,另有《俄藏敦煌文献》之Дх3111号和Дх4251号2件,本文即对这8件藏品略作介绍,并就其与已认定的《太公家教》写卷的关系进行了初步的探讨.     

罗振玉与学部藏敦煌文献

学部藏卷的解送与散出、保存与刊布是中国敦煌学史的重要问题。作为早期敦煌学史的中心人物,罗振玉建议敦煌运到学部保存,为了敦煌文献的刊布与研究,他向同人商借或影照了部分学部藏卷,这些文献的刊布与研究,促进了早期敦煌学的发展。本文旨在对敦煌文献解部并流散的细节做出探讨,主要是讲述罗振玉与盗取敦煌文献的李盛铎、刘廷琛、何鬯威和方尔谦四家旧藏的关系。     

“中国社会科学院敦煌学研究回顾与前瞻学术研讨会”综述

为纪念中国社会科学院历史所选编的《敦煌资料》出版50周年,以及大型敦煌文献图集《英藏敦煌文献（汉文非佛经部分）》完整问世,全面回顾总结社科院敦煌学研究取得的成就,联合各学术机构的敦煌学者共同推动中国敦煌学的进一步发展,     

论胡适对敦煌禅宗文献的研究

本文主要探讨了胡适研究敦煌禅宗文献的原因、成果及方法,指出胡适的敦煌禅宗文献研究,虽仍然存在着争议,但他对敦煌禅文献研究的开创之功,功不可没。     

敦煌吐鲁番文献图录的定本──介绍《敦煌吐鲁番文献集成》的《俄藏敦煌文献》（1－4）、《上海博物馆藏敦煌吐鲁番文献》（上、下）

敦煌吐鲁番文献图录的定本──介绍《敦煌吐鲁番文献集成》的《俄藏敦煌文献》（１－４）、《上海博物馆藏敦煌吐鲁番文献》（上、下）池田温著李德范译孙晓林校自从本世纪初,轰动一时的敦煌莫高窟藏经洞封藏文物再现于世以来,岁月流逝,已经过去了９０多年。而吐鲁番盆...     

国内藏敦煌藏文文献的整理与研究回顾

文章在回顾国内藏敦煌藏文文献出版、解题目录的基础上,对20世纪七八十年代和21世纪初国内有关藏敦煌藏文文献的研究文章进行了梳理和评述,并对国内藏敦煌藏文文献再次加以统计。此外,文章指出,西藏发现的前弘期藏文文献中有不少可以归入敦煌藏文文献中,提醒研究者关注两者的密切关系。     

《敦煌、吐鲁番社会经济文献词汇研究》出版

黑维强著《敦煌、吐鲁番社会经济文献词汇研究》已由民族出版社于2010年12月出版发行。该书是兰州大学敦煌学研究所"敦煌学博士文库"成果之一,是兰州大学敦煌学研究所最新成果又一展现。该书全面系统地对敦煌、吐鲁番社会经济文献词汇进行了研究,拓展了敦煌、吐鲁番文献词汇研究及近代汉语词汇空间。全书共六章,论述了敦煌、吐鲁番社会经济     

略谈敦煌文献的收藏

敦煌文献的收藏一直是学术界非常关心的问题,但由于敦煌文献的收藏与敦煌文献被英、法、日、俄等国盗掠是密切相关的,因此,很长一段时间难究其详。直到近年,随着敦煌学的发展,以及学者的不懈追踪,才大致清楚。本文先介绍国内的收藏情况,然后再介绍国外的收藏情况。一、国内敦煌文献的收藏情况流散在我国的敦煌文献收藏在近30家单位,现简要介绍如下。国家图书馆:原名京师图书馆、北京图书馆,馆址在北京市。这是我国收藏敦煌文献最多的单位。最初入藏不到9000件(号)。当时曾挑选其中较完好的8000余件,按《千字文》顺序编号。1912年,《敦煌石室…     

甘肃省图书馆收藏敦煌文献简介

敦煌文献英藏、法藏及北图藏品公布后,①近年来英藏斯坦因６９８０号以后部分、俄藏等也相继公布,国内上海博物馆、天津博物馆、北京大学图书馆等藏品亦陆续刊布,从事敦煌文献研究的学者对敦煌文献的流散保存情况有了大致了解,方便了学术研究。甘肃作为敦煌文献发现地...     

LEAD GLAZES IN ANTIQUITY—METHODS OF PRODUCTION AND REASONS FOR USE*

Transparent high lead and tin-opacified lead-alkali glazes have been extensively used throughout Europe and the Near East from their first appearance in the Roman era and the tenth- to eleventh-century Islamic world, respectively, up until the present day. Using, to a large extent, information which is widely scattered through a diverse range of literature, the methods employed in the production of these two glaze types are first outlined and their merits are then compared with those of alkali glazes in terms of ease of preparation of the glaze mixture, ease of application of the glaze, ease of firing, cost of production, glaze-body fit and visual appearance. The principal advantages of transparent high lead glazes as compared to alkali glazes are shown to be ease of preparation and application of the glaze suspension, low susceptibility to glaze ‘crazing’ and ‘crawling’ and high, optical brilliance. Factors that influence the choice of tin-opacified lead-alkali glazes include ease of production of tin oxide by melting tin and lead metals together; a reduced risk of reduction of lead oxide to lead metal and consequent blackening of the glaze; and, again, low susceptibility to ‘crazing’ and ‘crawling’. Limits of current knowledge regarding these two glaze types and requirements for future research are outlined.     

Die Einheit der Wissenschaftssprache. Einige wissenschaftstheoretische und wissenschaftshistorische Anmerkungen

Among those conceptions of the history of science which deal with the formation of theories is the concept of the unity of science. This unity is in turn based on the unity of scientific method, the unity of scientific laws and the unity of the language of science. After a systematic explication of modern approaches, historical conceptions of the unity of the language of science are described and analyzed. To these belong first of all the idea of a mathesis universalis and the so called Leibniz program, which leads to the architecture of a Leibniz world.     

Nerven‐Saiten‐Stimmung. Zum Wandel einer Denkfigur zwischen Musik und Wissenschaft 1750–1850

‘Stimmung’. The Career of a Concept in Music and Science between 1750 and 1850. The German word ‘Stimmung’ originally refers to the musical praxis of tuning instruments. Whereas the English concepts of ‘tonus’ and ‘atunement’ used to describe the physical status of the body developed independently from the psychological ‘mood’, ‘Stimmung’ was used metaphorically in both physiology and psychology in the discussed period. This leads to various interrelations between the areas of knowledge involved. The paper investigates these on a synchronic and diachronic level. By concentrating a) on the analogy between musical strings and nerve fibres within the framework of a mechanistic conception of the body and b) on the metaphoric use of ‘Stimmung’ as a psychological concept describing the general mood of an individual, it becomes evident that the different metaphorical adaptations do not only have consequences within the specific area of knowledge, but also lead to distinct interpretations of musical effect. The second half of the paper concentrates on the diachronic development of ‘Stimmung’ in physiology and analyses the shifts within the semantic field of the metaphor occurring during the transformation from a mechanical to an organic conception of the body. On a theoretical level the emphasis lies on the conceptual potential of vague metaphors and the function of marginal metaphors in periods of theory change. In this context the results question Thomas Kuhns theory of an abrupt, gestaltlike change of theory by emphasizing the importance of continuous shifts within the semantic fields of vague metaphors.     

An 8000-year history of landscape,climate, and copper exploitation in the Middle East: the Wadi Faynan and the Wadi Dana National Reserve in southern Jordan

Investigations of geomorphology, geoarchaeology, pollen, palynofacies, and charcoal indicate the comparative scales and significance of palaeoenvironmental changes throughout the Holocene at the junction between the hyper-arid hot Wadi 'Arabah desert and the front of the Mediterranean-belt Mountains of Edom in southern Jordan through a series of climatic changes and episodes of intense mining and smelting of copper ores. Early Holocene alluviation followed the impact of Neolithic grazers but climate drove fluvial geomorphic change in the Late Holocene, with a major arid episode corresponding chronologically with the ‘Little Ice Age’ causing widespread alluviation. The harvesting of wood for charcoal may have been sufficiently intense and widespread to affect the capacity of intensively harvested tree species to respond to a period of greater precipitation deduced for the Roman–Byzantine period – a property that affects both taphonomic and biogeographical bases for the interpretation of palynological evidence from arid-lands with substantial industrial histories. Studies of palynofacies have provided a record of human and climatic causes of soil erosion, and the changing intensity of the use of fire over time. The patterns of vegetational, climatic change and geomorphic changes are set out for this area for the last 8000 years.     

Prologue to a contextual archaeology

The thesis of this essay is that a gap presently exists between the research interests of modern scientific archaeology and the research methodology which structures archaeological investigation. It is argued that this is a function of the traditional objectives of archaeology, and that a methodology justified by a distinctive set of goals is necessary to produce studies more closely related to present archaeological concerns. The traditional goals of archaeology are here characterized as the historical result of prior interests, reinforced by the character of formal programmes of graduate study. The set of distinctive goals identified in the essay derives from assessment of the significance of methodologies appropriate to the investigation of palaeoenvironments in modelling prehistoric cultural systems and subsystems.The proposed methodology is substantively, as well as substantially, different from methodologies in present use. I have called it Contextual Archaeology in recognition of its debt to the statement of an archaeologically-significant method Butzer (1978) has advanced under the name Contextual Approach. It is argued here that contextual archaeology, despite practical problems, is both a productive and an implementable alternative.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

IDENTIFICATION,PROCESSING AND USE OF RED PIGMENTS (HEMATITE AND CINNABAR) IN THE VALENCIAN EARLY NEOLITHIC (SPAIN)

The results of the first elemental and structural physicochemical analyses (SEM–EDX, TXRF, XRD, FTIR, GC and EDXRF) of Early Neolithic red pigment samples from the region of Valencia confirm one of the earliest uses of cinnabar (HgS) in Spain (5300 to 5000 cal bc ). They also inform on the storage of massive quantities of hematite and the development of specific technologies of hematite‐based paint production and use. The samples were recovered at the three most significant Early Neolithic sites of the Mediterranean coast of Spain: Cova de l'Or (Beniarrés, Alacant), Cova de la Sarsa (Bocairent, Valencia) and Cova Fosca (Vall d'Ebo, Valencia), which together have provided the most important European collection of Cardial ceramic ware (chronoculturally diagnostic of the Early Neolithic).     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

HISTORY AND ITS DEAD

Thomas Laqueur has brought together half a century of research on modern European mortuary culture into an impressive narrative of how the Christian churchyard was replaced by the modern cemetery, how interment was partly replaced by the technology of cremation, and how writing and preserving the names of the dead coincided with democratization and social reform. Beyond the grand narrative of the history of modern burial, he also shows how the modern culture of history and memory is intertwined with the transformation of mortuary practices. On a deeper level, he points toward new ways of conceptualizing the relation between the living and the dead, leading up toward, if not fully confronting, the challenge that propels his own endeavor, namely the existential‐ontological predicament of living after those who have been and the nature of spectrality.     

THE UNRESOLVED PROBLEMS OF LATE CRITICAL THEORY

Martin Jay's sweeping account of reason in Western philosophy provides the context for understanding the crisis that the Frankfurt School thinkers faced when they spoke of the “eclipse of reason.” In the background of the thinking of the first generation of Frankfurt thinkers such as Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, and Herbert Marcuse is a hankering for a more substantive conception of reason that bears affinities with what Hegel called Vernunft (reason), which he contrasted with Verstand (understanding). According to Jay, the first generation of Frankfurt thinkers never quite succeeded in elaborating this substantive concept of reason and grew increasingly pessimistic in the face of the self‐destruction of reason. Habermas sought to elaborate a communicative theory of rationality that did not fall into the misleading promises of Hegelian Vernunft but could nevertheless provide a normative basis for the critique of instrumental, strategic, and systems rationality—a normative basis for critical theory. Jay presents an extremely lucid account of Jürgen Habermas's theory of communicative rationality. He concludes by reviewing some of the outstanding problems and questions that have been raised about the adequacy and success of Habermas's project. I seek to do justice to the strengths and weaknesses of Jay's narrative, and I focus on a number of deep, unresolved issues that confront the future of critical theory in its attempt to develop an adequate conception of rationality. I also raise concerns about what precisely is distinctive about critical theory today.