The New Washington Consensus: Millennial Philanthropy and the Making of Global Market Subjects

This paper outlines the emergence of a New Washington Consensus associated with leading philanthropies of the new millennium. This emergent development paradigm by no means represents a historic break with the market rationalities of neoliberalism, nor does it represent a radical departure from older models of early 20th century philanthropy. Rather, it is new in its global ambition to foster resilient market subjects for a globalized world; and new in its employment of micro‐market transformations to compensate for macro‐market failures. Focusing on reforms pioneered by the new philanthropic partnerships in education and global health, the paper indicates how the targets of intervention are identified as communities that have been failed by both governments and markets. The resulting interventions are commonly justified in terms of “return on investment”. But the problems they target keep returning because the underlying causes of failure are left unaddressed.     

Exploring Regional Domains: A Comparative History of Regionalism

This article offers an overview of the history and development of regionalism with a view to providing a framework for thinking about its progress and prospects in different parts of the world. After a preliminary discussion of the problems encountered in defining regions and regionalism, the article moves to a historical and comparative analysis, ranging widely to include examples from many different regions. It argues that regionalism should be understood as an evolutionary and cumulative process, which has grown and expanded to take in new tasks and new domains. It has become an increasingly important component of the different structures of global governance, and one whose potential neither states, multilateral institutions, nor non-state actors can afford to ignore.     

George Weekes: Rogue Missionary to New England Indians, 1731–1755

During the mid‐1700s, an uneducated layman named George Weekes began preaching to Native Americans in the town of Harwich, Massachusetts. Weekes’ missionary activity triggered a passionate response from Nathaniel Stone, the local minister, and inaugurated a debate regarding ministerial qualifications within the community. Scholars who study English missionary activity in colonial New England tend to focus upon the careers of trained clergy, such as John Eliot or Josiah Cotton. Other individuals, who possessed questionable moral character and little education, also preached to New England Indians, however. In this instance, the career of George Weekes, a rogue missionary, reveals that contact with Native Americans could shape ecclesiastical life in colonial Massachusetts. It also suggests that Native Americans encountered popular, as well as elite, English religious culture when they interacted with English missionaries in early New England.     

论博物馆核心竞争力的建设

博物馆作为公共文化设施是当地社区的精神缩影和文明的窗口。作为一个公共产品,面临着市场经济的冲击,全国的各个级别的博物馆都在探索着自己的出路和发展的方向。在发展过程中也出现了一系列的问题,在调和经济效益和社会效益之间,在处理自身发展和观众的要求之间,在保护收藏和展示之间都出现了或多或少的问题。党中央在"两会"上一直提倡发展文化产业和创意产业,要求又好又快地发展,为构建和谐社会而努力。在这样的形势下,也要求我们的博物馆与时俱进,在科学发展观的指导下增强博物馆的核心竞争力。     

自驾车旅游及其产品的深度开发研究——以广东省肇庆市为例

文章在归纳分析自驾车旅游兴起的社会背景、旅游者行为特征基础上,对广东传统旅游目的地肇庆市自驾车旅游的发展条件、发展现状与存在问题进行了思考,认为肇庆具有许多发展自驾车旅游的有利条件。尽管肇庆自驾车旅游市场已初步形成,但也有一些深层次的问题有待解决,离成熟的的自驾车旅游目的地仍有不少距离。在对肇庆自驾车旅游的市场特征进行调查分析的基础上,文章相对系统地提出肇庆自驾车产品旅游深度开发的若干思路与策略。包括:通过资源整合与区域合作丰富自驾车旅游线路;继续完善公路网络、交通标识与自驾车服务站建设;增强旅游信息系统尤其是网络的预定与服务功能;加快汽车旅馆等经济型酒店及汽车营地的建设;建立保障自驾车旅游发展的长效机制等。     

Emissions Trading,New Enclosures and Eco‐Social Contestation

Abstract: The central operating strategy within the 1997 Kyoto Protocol and most of the advanced capitalist world's environmental policy is to address climate change through the market mechanism known as emissions trading. Based upon government issuance and private trading of emissions reductions credits and offsets, this approach quickly rose to $135 billion in annual trading. But in the wake of the collapse of climate negotiations in Copenhagen and a world financial crisis which undermined market faith in derivative investments, carbon trading has an uncertain future. Linkages between deep‐rooted financial market and emissions market problems are revealing in spatio‐temporal terms, especially in the context of a deeper overaccumulation crisis and investors’ desperate need for new speculative outlets. It is in the nexus of the spatial and temporal aspects of carbon financing amidst resistance to “new enclosures” by adversely affected peoples, that broader‐based lessons for global/local environmental politics and climate policy can be learned.     

黄金周旅游的理性回归

黄金周旅游现象是目前我国旅游业发展中一种非常重要的现象。作为一种“政策经济”,在推动旅游业快速发展的同时,又引发了一系列问题。旅游需求的集中释放导致了许多失衡现象的发生和市场有效配置功能的失效;市场的压抑性调节又使黄金周旅游现象不断出现新的特点,以人为本和度假休闲成为黄金周旅游的最本质要求。黄金周旅游的卖方市场地位已经发生动摇,黄金周旅游作为过渡时期的特殊现象,最终将归于理性。     

Italian Industry,Decline or Transformation? A Framework

Debates over Italian growth (or lack thereof) are often conducted without due regard for the facts and statistics on which they are based. For instance, those who see Italy as being in decline lament the static production, the lack of increase in productivity, the loss of share in international markets and the lack of sophistication in industrial goods compared with high-tech products. Some call for greater emphasis on services, others want manufacturing to be abandoned, while others see the future in artisanship. These issues are important, because flawed judgement of Italian performance could lead to deterioration in the results expected at the critical financial market phases, beyond what might be justified by the facts. The purpose of this article is to establish a micro- and macro-framework to interpret the problems correctly, given the inconsistency of statistical data currently used, and to offer some solutions for long-term growth. The latter, in particular, should be seen in the context of a transformation process, induced on the one hand by the crisis in large-scale enterprise, and on the other by the emergence of a new class of medium-sized businesses, dubbed the “fourth capitalism”, with high innovation capabilities. The transformation that the Italian industrial system is experiencing enables the country to maintain its share of global markets. The new production structure originates largely from local production systems, is family-owned and tends to borrow little, operate in networks and retain its local roots, which is precisely why it represents a new and efficient driver of Italian growth.     

The Authoritative Medium: George Eliot,Ruin, and the Rationalized Market

This essay analyses the competing dynamics that shaped the formation of market relations in mid-nineteenth-century Britain: abstraction and rationalization, on the one hand, and embeddedness and personalism, on the other. It takes as its central case the mid-century debates over bankruptcy reform, focusing in particular on two textual representations of ‘ruin’: the system of certificates classifying bankrupts according to their culpability of character, established in 1849 and abolished in 1861; and Eliot's 1860 novel The Mill on the Floss, with its account of financial and sexual ruin. I argue that the debates surrounding the character certificates' intervention in market relations, and Eliot's explorations of abstract and embedded or sympathetic modes of knowledge were part of a larger concern to negotiate the tensions produced by the contemporary impulse toward market rationalization. Eliot's mode of omniscient narration – her construction of a simultaneously interested and disinterested, authoritative and sympathetic narrative voice – represented, I suggest, a novelistic instance of a broader cultural fantasy that an approach to character representation could be found that would mediate the changing marketplace. At the same time, her narration of the story of debt through familial and sexualized representations highlights the way that the personal continued to pose a challenge to the establishment of market rationality. However, despite the generic distinctions that can be traced, I argue that their shared interest in character provides grounds for the project of reading across genres, and suggest that the cultural history of the Victorian credit economy requires attention to what different genres have in common, as much as how they have diverged.     

Assessing the Impact of Location on Women's Labor Market Outcomes: A Methodological Exploration

Location and the nature of locally available employment opportunities is believed to shape labor force participation, job type, and wages. Analysts investigating this issue have encountered problems in operationalizing the concept of “locally available employment opportunities.” We first review the grounds for expecting a relationship between local context and employment outcomes for women and then critically assess the methods and measures that analysts have used to explore the relationship. Finally, we describe a new approach for measuring local employment context that consists of a fine-scaled measure individually tailored for each woman in the sample. Using discriminant analysis we ask whether the spatial variables measuring local employment context are important determinants of women's employment in female-dominated occupations. The results suggest that for most groups of women (defined by city or suburban residence and by sociodemographics) the spatial variables are not important. For well-educated, part-time employed women with young children, however, living in an area rich in female-dominated job opportunities increases the likelihood of having a job in a gender-typical occupation; for these women, the local employment context does affect labor market outcomes.     

Ecological Modernisation and the Governance of Carbon: A Critical Analysis

Abstract: In this paper, we use insights derived from a critical evaluation of ecological modernisation theories to examine the origins and influence of new, market‐based, forms of carbon governance. Focusing on two key examples—emissions trading in Europe and the global market in offsets—we argue that ecological modernisation theories can help us understand the processes through which the seemingly intractable problem of climate change has been reframed as an opportunity to construct a new carbon economy and anticipate some of the tensions, contradictions and limits of such an approach. We then explore the governance dimensions of these novel market mechanisms, look at how they work, and then discuss whether, to what extent and for whom they work. We highlight a series of (un)‐intended consequences that flow from these practices and modes of governing. We conclude by discussing the significance of these observations both for debates on climate change and the governance of carbon and for theories of ecological modernisation.     

THE SOCIOLOGY OF THE GROWTH/NO-GROWTH DEBATE*

This theoretical analysis focuses on the properties of conservative, liberal, and radical paradigms in social science and their application to the growth/no-growth debate in environmental policy literature. We find conservatives working with an evolutionary model of society which suggests that environmental problems are imperfections to be remedied by science, technology, and the free market. Liberals recognize the benefits and costs of growth, and they articulate ways to minimize the costs through state regulation and planning. Radicals argue for state ownership of the means of production and new cultural values about growth as the only effective environmental policies. This analysis closes with a discussion of the future of the growth debate in terms of these paradigms.     

Rendering responsible,provoking desire: women and home in squatter/slum renewal projects in the Turkish context

This article is situated at the intersection of urban restructuring, cultural conservatism and neoliberalism in the Turkish context to understand the new subject formations of poor women as they are relocated to high-rise apartment blocks in slum/squatter renewal projects by the prospect of homeownership via long-term mortgage loans. It contributes by showing the gendered effects of urban transformation on poor women as neoliberalism and conservatism interact. It draws upon two ethnographic studies that reveal women’s experiences embedded both in neoliberalism and patriarchy. In neoliberalism, women’s participation in the informal job market was promoted as they were made responsible for contributing to mortgage payments, and they were brought into consumption as they were provoked the desire for good homes via furnishing, and in patriarchy, women’s traditional roles in social reproduction were demanded in spite of their new roles and responsibilities. The study ponders women’s differentiated negotiations with patriarchy which resisted radical challenges when the family and the home framed women’s new responsibilities and desires. The rising conservatism rooted in Islam in Turkey, which prioritizes the family over individual women, created the conditions for it.     

"In need of care and attention" Local authorities and the implementation of the Scottish NHS Act, 1948–1960

Abstract

This article looks at the influence and reaction of Scottish local authorities in the implementation of the NHS (Scotland) Act, 1947. It examines the implementation of the Act through local authorities and the problems encountered in co-ordinating the NHS. Furthermore, it considers the problems encountered through the lack of clear dividing lines of responsibility between the three administrative areas of the NHS. It proposes that local authorities were seen as service providers within the NHS and were unable to assert any influence over the implementation of the NHS, apart from within their own health service sphere. The implementation of the Scottish NHS Act was full of inconsistencies and problems and was not as smooth as many historians would argue. The impact on patient care was the provision of an uneven service throughout Scotland.     

基于瓶颈破解的我国森林旅游发展理念和产品创新

本文剖析了我国森林旅游产品存在的开发层次较低、对新兴旅游方式应对不足、产品功能单一、文化挖掘尚浅、难以对接高端市场等问题,提出了转变发展方式、门票经济向综合经济转型、森林旅游产品多元转型升级、全景森林旅游、山地森林休闲度假旅游和森林旅游综合体等森林旅游发展新理念,并且建议优先推进全景森林及森林观光体验、森林自驾游及房车旅游、森林旅游综合体、森林文化旅游和享受型森林休闲度假旅游等森林旅游产品的发展。     

Laurent de premierfait: the career of a humanist in early fifteenth-century Paris

The following article offers new information about Laurent de Premierfait, author of the first French translations of works by Boccaccio. The discussion centers around the problems that Laurent encountered as he pursued a literary career while supporting himself as a clerk, secretary, and notary in Paris during the reign of Charles VI.     

Laurent de premierfait: the career of a humanist in early fifteenth-century Paris

The following article offers new information about Laurent de Premierfait, author of the first French translations of works by Boccaccio. The discussion centers around the problems that Laurent encountered as he pursued a literary career while supporting himself as a clerk, secretary, and notary in Paris during the reign of Charles VI.     

A Comparison of Three Methods for the Extraction of Phytoliths from Sediments

This paper compares three methods commonly used to extract fossil phytoliths from sediments. A basic procedure using heavy liquid flotation and oxidation is compared with two other procedures across a range of sediment types commonly encountered in archaeological studies. The three procedures are: (1) a heavy liquid flotation method (HLF); (2) a burning method (POW); and (3) another heavy liquid flotation method (HLFPol) similar to HLF, but adapted to allow the extraction of pollen and spores as well as phytoliths, within a single process. Comparisons of the resulting output using these three techniques for phytolith extraction show that different methods can produce different results, and therefore basic techniques should be modified according to the characteristics of the sediments for which they are used. While all the techniques showed similarities in assemblage results, there were problems associated with disaggregation and effective separation of light and heavy fractions, in particular with the POW procedure. The evidence suggests that morphotype selection occurred both within the physical sorting process and in the process of inverting slides to shed excess residue; in both cases it is difficult to suggest a solution to the problem. The results show clearly that the advantages gained by using the POW procedure are largely outweighed by the problems encountered with its use, and because of possible size/shape selection, it is not recommended for general extraction procedures. The heavy liquid flotation procedures, on the other hand, are shown to produce more concentrated residues with higher levels of clarity and less potential than the POW procedure for sample bias. The use of a non-toxic heavy liquid, sodium polytungstate, now allows the process to be used in relative safety. It is recommended that analysts use heavy liquid flotation procedures with chemical treatments specific to sediment requirements.     

仪式与艺术的关系

仪式是人类学的一个重要范畴,也是人类精神生活中一种重要的活动,它具有象征特性、符号特性和场域特性,作为人类一套独特的话语,仪式是人类解决现实矛盾的一种超现实手段,仪式的这些特性与艺术有着惊人的相似之处。     

包买主制与近代乡村手工业的发展

包买主制在中国近代乡村手工业、尤其是若干手工业经济区中广泛存在。乡村手工业者丧失了先前的经营独立性,他们或直接、或间接,自觉与不自觉地在资本、原料、原料供应与产品销售等多方面陷于对包买主的依附之中。包买主也呈现出多种存在形态,如商人型包买主、商人兼工场主型包买主、工场主型包买主等。包买主制适应了包买主和依附经营者双方的经济状况,它对市场反映的灵敏度、对产品规格和质量的标准化要求等方面,是业主制下自主经营的家庭手工业无法比拟的,从而为近代乡村手工业经济区的兴起和发展创造了条件。