The Bajada Canals of the Safford Basin,Southeastern Arizona: Excellence in Prehistoric Engineering

A large network of exceptionally well-engineered prehistoric canals has been discovered near Safford, Arizona. Within an area of roughly 450 km², 12 distinct canal systems, comprised of 41 canals, have been identified originating in the bajada of the Pinaleño Mountains. Conveying water from runoff and springs, the longest canal is about 13?km, and the total length of all systems exceeds 125?km. While a few canals may date to ca. a.d. 1100, the vast majority date to between ca. a.d. 1250 and 1450 and appear to be constructed by migrants from northeastern Arizona. These features represent the second largest network of canal systems in the American Southwest, and, while smaller in size and total length than the canal systems of the Phoenix Basin, they exhibit engineering sophistication not found in those systems. These canals have expanded the knowledge of prehistoric water management engineering and agricultural intensification in the American Southwest.     

The Poverty Trap: Or,Why Poverty is Not About the Individual

Poverty is often thought of as an inevitable social condition, and the blame for any shortcomings in governmental welfare policies is frequently placed upon the failings of individuals, markets, and demography. By exploring the influence of neoliberal politics on archaeologies of slum-life this article makes the case that less emphasis should be placed upon the perceived failings of individuals and more effort should be placed on recovering the complex social networks which sustained community-life within Hungate and other so-called urban slums.     

海外移民与宗教仪式回传——甲午年新加坡修德善堂养心社宋大峰祖师金像百年回銮

论文以甲午年(2014年)闰九月新加坡修德善堂养心社宋大峰祖师金像百年回銮活动为例,分析了当代社会海外移民通过将源自中国的传统文化习俗回传而对中国乡村社会所产生的影响。从宗教层面看,祖师百年回銮实现了信仰体系的循环与完善,为中国传统文化的传播与改善注入了新元素。从移民历史来看,潮人移居海外,同时在海外将潮人信仰理念传播开来。中国实施改革开放后,与移民共同迁移的祖师信仰也可以实现"返乡"——仪式回传。祖师信仰及其仪式的回传,结合中国本土宗教文化的复苏,在一定程度上影响了原乡地方社会的信仰体系。从慈善事业角度看,善堂的慈善事业,救济贫苦,施医赠药,造福人类。在潮汕乡村,随着宗教信仰的苏醒,慈善事业也随之兴起,这对发展中国慈善事业有重要意义,同时慈善事业在中国乡村的发展,也影响了乡村的地方经济。     

The Niagara Fruit Belt: the Ontario Municipal Board Decision of 1981

In the preceding essay, Gayler has traced and explained part of the tortuous, long-delayed progress towards an effective regional land use plan over the Niagara fruit belt. As population and expansion projections diminished, excessive amounts of land were requested by the several municipalities and by the regional council. These demands were not greatly reduced after lengthy Ontario Municipal Board (omb) hearings, but the board's decision offers some limited hope that the remaining lands will remain under agricultural uses. This proposition will be examined in this paper, with particular reference to the nature and character of the omb decision.