辩诉交易与刑事和解之比较

发端于美国的辩诉交易与发端于20世纪中叶兴起于西方国家的刑事和解,虽然长期以来就具有争议性,怛其仍然表现出旺盛构生命力,且在英美法系和大陆法系国家的司法实践中得以运用,是有诸多原因的,尽管有许多专家对此表达出不同程度的忧虑,但笔者认为这种发展是不可避免的。在我国,如何借鉴辩诉交易与刑事和解制度,需要结合中国的国情客观地加以分析,只看到某一制度的缺陷而拒绝吸纳其中的合理因素并不是科学的态度;但若不考虑一个国家的现状和传统文化、社会公众的观念,盲目推崇另外一个国家的制度也是行不通的。鉴于此,本文通过认真比较辩诉交易与刑事和解的异同,从而为吸收辩诉交易与刑事和解制度中的合理因素,并结合中国国情加以改造,来创设具有中国特色的表达社会的宽容、报应和功利相统一的辩诉交易与刑事和解制度提供一些思路。     

试论刑事诉讼和解职能

传统的刑事诉讼职能学说的基础在于辩诉对抗、审判中立的对抗性诉讼构造，由于这一构造本身的固有缺陷，决定了传统刑事诉讼职能的局限，因此，本文在对传统的刑事诉讼职能学说进行反思的基础上，提出了刑事诉讼和解这一新的职能。     

从新《证券法》看我国证券集体诉讼制度的完善

我国的证券集体诉讼机制尚处于实践探索阶段,新《证券法》的特别代表人制度为证券集体诉讼提供了更专业的解决途径,以"默示加入、明示退出"的诉讼参加方式将广大的中小股东集合起来,同时降低了诉讼成本.但集体诉讼制度在调动社会律师积极性、均衡中小股东利益、提高投资者保护机构效率以及在程序法上鼓励支持证券集体诉讼等方面仍有待完善.     

20世纪上半期中国乡村经济交易的中保人

20世纪上半期的资料表明,在乡村经济交易中,中保人仍然非常普遍,并扮演了十分重要的角色。从交易契约可以看出,其名称多达40余种,人数大多为1人,但也有多人的情况。中保人多是社会经济地位较高,关系广泛,有人缘、有面子,懂交易规则,能言善辩。其社会责任和功能,主要是为交易双方介绍、撮合、担保和调解纠纷,收取佣金则体现了承担这一责任的报酬。中保人制度为交易契约的履行提供了基本保证,降低了交易风险,减少了法律诉讼,有利于经济交易秩序和社会关系的稳定。但在三四十年代．由于天灾人祸频繁、农村社会经济状况恶化以及革命风雨的到来,中保人制度遇到了困难和危机,给民间经济交易带来了不便。     

小额诉讼再审案件考察 ——基于625篇裁判文书的实证分析

从民诉法修改稿征求意见来看,我国小额诉讼制度改革的主要目标仍是效率和适用率.小额诉讼制度程序正义的论证似乎并不充分.本文以小额诉讼再审案件为分析样本,剖析司法适用中存在的问题,反思并廓清小额诉讼理论中长久以来的误区.提出从制度价值层面,应当为小额诉讼制度适当"松绑",回归提供便利高效低成本的价值目标.就规则设计层面,小...     

唐代诉讼制度的相关问题研究

唐王朝统治的时期是封建社会的鼎盛时期,封建政治、经济、文化和法律制度得到了全面的发展,其中的诉讼制度,无论在遵守的原则、原理上还是在具体的操作实施中,都比秦汉、魏晋南北朝和隋代的诉讼制度更加完善。因此,唐代的诉讼制度对后世产生了极大的影响,其中的很多方面都值得我们后代人研究、探讨和借鉴。本文以唐代诉讼制度的几个典型制度为研究对象,包括管辖制度,告诉制度,刑讯逼供制度和死刑复核程序等,以此来分析唐代诉讼制度在中国法制发展的历史进程中所起的承前启后的作用,以期让更多的读者了解唐代的诉讼制度的独特韵味之处。     

清末民初上海会审公廨中美商民的混合诉讼及交涉

1909—1913年间上海租界会审公廨受理的中美商民混合讼案,其纠纷虽仍以商事交易为主,但亦出现土地房产、牌号版权、抵押担保、票据、房屋建造承揽、人格权等新的纠纷样态。围绕相关诉讼在美领事署与会审公廨之间展开的交涉,又折射出美国会审官把控会审公廨涉美诉讼的诸多细节。同时,在诉讼和纠纷的解决过程中,部分中美涉讼当事人和外籍律师,亦恃"交涉"为奥援,力谋各自利益的最大化。清末民初会审公廨处理华洋讼案具有"名诉讼实交涉"的本质。     

试析诉讼文化的冲突与选择

诉讼文化是不同国家、不同时代诉讼制度和观念在法律文化中的积淀,是从价值论角度对诉讼的宏观阐释。在此,主要针对诉讼观念、诉讼制度和诉讼价值观的文化冲突现象,剖析蕴涵于其表象中的深层原因,并从理论上探讨秩序和正义的冲突中当前诉讼文化整合的方向。     

论我国行政公益诉讼制度的构建

行政公益诉讼制度是一种有别于传统行政诉讼制度的新型诉讼制度,它在我国的确立绝不是一朝一夕的事,而需要深入细致的理论准备和一定时期的实践探索。针对行政公益诉讼在我国存在的诸多障碍,本文提出了构建我国行政公益诉讼制度的一些设想。     

检察机关提起行政公益诉讼的可行性

在我国行政公益诉讼制度的设计中,由适格主体代表公共利益提起诉讼是首先要解决的问题,而现代诉权理论的发展和行政公益诉讼在域外各国成熟的司法实践为构建适合我国国情的行政公益诉讼制度提供了理论和实践上的支撑,因此赋予检察机关原告资格提起行政公益诉讼具有正当性和可行性。     

对我国刑事证明标准的几点思考

我国传统的刑事证明标准过分关注案件事实真相,忽视诉讼证明的主观性和相对性,造成证明标准在立法上的追求与司法实践操作之间的脱节.本文就此加以探讨,以期有利于立法与司法实际。     

Policy Design and Implementation Effectiveness

This study examines the successful implementation of a major structural change in a county criminal court, an institution particularly resistant to change. Implementation effectiveness is mainly attributed to policy design factors, especially the establishment by "lop" slate Supreme Court officials of an institutional mechanism to implement their selected policy goals. Composed of hey county court participants at the "bottom," the mechanism facilitated lateral coordination among divergent interests by providing a forum for bargaining and the resolution of disputes. The bargaining entailed the distribution of benefits, as well as the externalization and redistribution of costs, arising from the structural changes.     

Reconsidering the Tribal-State Compact Process

This essay evaluates the tribal-state compact process, as one of several alternative, nonadversarial processes, warranting attention. It argues that, because of its binding character and relatively low cost (in contrast to litigation), and because it is based in the idea of tribes and states exhibiting mutual respect, the compact process is an advanced version of negotiation and bargaining that tribes and states should consider where appropriate.     

刑事犯罪被害人救助问题探讨

刑事诉讼的目的是保护人权、惩罚犯罪。保护人权,既包括对被告人人权的保护,也包括对被害人人权的保护。但是,长期以来,人权保护的天平始终倾向于前者。加强对被害人的权利保护,并对被害人与被告人的权利加以合理与适当的平衡,已经成为各国刑事诉讼法普遍发展的趋势。因此,要加强对犯罪被害人的权利保护,使己经失衡了的犯罪被害人与犯罪人的权利关系回到平衡的状态上来。     

The history of urban families in medieval England

Few medieval historians have turned their attention to the history of families in urban England. But the groundwork for such studies has been laid in previous scholarship on the merchant class, on women and work in towns, and on borough law and customs. Future studies, more specifically focused on families in towns, will draw upon a wide variety of sources including wills, property records, marriage litigation, coroner's rolls, poll taxes, borough customs, and, most importantly, borough plea rolls. These studies should allow us to explore how the special characteristics of the medieval urban environment – continual in-migration, economic opportunity, commercial and industrial diversity, extremes of wealth, high population density, and borough legal structures – affected family formation, life-cycle, demography, and domestic life in medieval towns.     

试析联邦德国集体合同制的发展(1949-1990)

集体合同制是联邦德国"社会伙伴关系"的重要表现形式.在1949-1990年间,联邦德国集体合同制的实践经历了三个时期.受政治和经济形势、以及劳资之间权力关系持续变动的影响,不同时期的集体合同制呈现不同特点.     

“I Was Following Orders”: An Ancient Greek Archetype of Modern War Crime Legislation

Abstract

This article discusses Lysias’ Against Eratosthenes as an ancient Athenian instance of the superior orders plea, a line of defence made notorious during the Nuremberg trials, which in turn became the cornerstone of modern war crime legislation. Whereas the pre-Nuremberg jurisdiction largely embraced the principle of superior responsibility, whereby a subordinate executing criminal orders was not to be held liable for them, the trials of the Nazi war criminals brought about a complete reversal of this doctrine. While remaining faithful to the spirit of the Nuremberg jurisdiction, the subsequent legislative acts (which dealt, among other things, with the atrocities committed in the former Yugoslavia) sought to further elaborate its underlying principle of absolute liability, in order to precisely determine the question of guilt and innocence. I argue that despite the close relationship between modern legal systems and Roman law, which fully embraced the doctrine of superior responsibility, it is in the juridical thought of ancient Athens that one finds the archetype of contemporary war crime legislation.     

INTEREST GROUPS AND LITIGATION

Interest groups engaged in litigation are faced with questions of litigation strategy and of allocation of resources. Planned constitutional litigation, part of mobilization of the law, is problematic, as is the choice of forum in which the litigation is brought. Litigation by interest groups is affected by the political environment, including judicial rulings; the complexity of litigation itself; inter-organizational relations; and, most importantly, a series of intra-organizational factors. The latter include control of litigation, group longevity, relations between lawyers and organization, and organizational structure. These elements of interest group litigation are explored in this article.     

犯罪地理学的理论研究

目前,国内外学术界还没有建立起真正意义上的犯罪地理学,因此,犯罪地理学的理论研究就显得特别重要。为此,本文系统地探讨了犯罪地理学的理论体系,认为犯罪地理学的理论体系含有:①地理环境决定论;②环境论(月相说、星相说、地域说、犯罪地形说、折衷主义学派环境论);③犯罪时日论;④芝加哥学派的犯罪同心圆论;⑤犯罪区位论。通过犯罪地理学理论体系的研究,希望有益于犯罪地理学的创建和发展。     

清代地方诉讼中的“客民”——以《樊山政书》为中心的考察

客民是清代地方诉讼中的一个特殊群体。从《樊山政书》所载案件来看,客民在诉讼中处于不利地位,他们上控的案件基本都以失败告终,仅在对方当事人的道德被官员否定时才会出现例外。造成这种情况的原因包括清代社会价值观对客民进行否定;官僚制度设计使得地方官员偏袒本地民众;客民的出现使得地方政府难以实现有效治理等。这种历史现象对今日社会仍具有借鉴意义。