中国的产业结构调整与环境保护

当今世界发达国家大都在不同的历史时期依次经历了由贫困所引起的环境破坏阶段、由工业化发展所引起的环境污染阶段以及由大量生产大量消费所引起的生活垃圾泛滥等三个阶段。目前,中国正被上述三种环境问题同时困扰,面临着极其复杂的局面。本文着重分析中国工业化进程中的环境污染问题,指出造成中国大气污染的首要原因是过度分散型产业组织结构下的重工业发展。通过分析中国产业组织结构的形成过程,指出加快产业结构调整、积极引进高环境效率的技术是缓解中国环境问题的必经之路。     

试析中日环保合作的现状及未来

中国在经济飞速发展的过程中付出了环境污染和生态破坏的代价。而环境问题跨国界的特点使得邻国日本对我国的环境保护事业表示了极大的关注。自1972年中日邦交正常化以来,环保合作是两国众多合作与交流领域中最活跃、最有成效和最具潜力的领域之一,结出了丰硕的成果。为国际环境双边合作树立了典范。本文将回顾中日环保合作的历史与现状。分析其特点与缺陷,并尝试对中日环保合作的前景作出展望。     

稻盛哲学与京瓷的环保战略

稻盛和夫的哲学立足于企业经营,但又不局限于此。他的哲学还涉及到环境保护、技术开发、发达国家与发展中国家的关系等。稻盛和夫的共生循环思想回答了企业发展与环境保护的关系问题。这一思想付诸实践,就形成了京瓷公司的环保战略和日本的循环经济。     

How Do Different Types of Local Governments' Sustainability Programs Relate to Their Environmental Outcomes

Local governments worldwide have developed a suite of sustainability programs to improve environmental conditions within their jurisdictions. However, critics suggest that local governments' sustainability programs are more symbolic than substantial in that they are often developed to create the appearance of addressing environmental issues rather than actual environmental performance outcomes. Despite the skeptics, as yet, we have little empirical understanding of the environmental impact of local sustainability programs. This paper bridges the gap by considering how the design of 102 county governments' individual sustainability programs relates to improvement of their ozone quality between 2003 and 2013. After controlling for the spatial dependence of ozone quality among neighboring counties, this paper offers the evidence that local sustainability programs are related to improved environmental conditions. Moreover, the sustainability programs that are designed more comprehensively across environmental issues appear to have greater policy efficacy compared to those focusing on a few environmental issues. These findings provide optimistic views about the local, non-regulatory policy effort for improving collective environmental quality. This implication is particularly salient given the lack of strong national and international environmental regulatory regimes.     

Voluntary Environmental Programs in the Public Sector: Evaluating an Urban Water Conservation Program in California

Solving conflictual environmental policy problems is increasingly falling under the purview of local governments and public agencies. Nonregulatory approaches, such as the development of voluntary environmental programs (VEPs), could offer a useful policy alternative as they often have greater political traction and flexibility. However, there has been little work examining the use of VEPs in the public sector. This article uses a new dataset from California to examine how political institutions affect decisions by local governments and public agencies to participate in a voluntary urban water conservation program and whether this program has improved the water conservation performance of its members. The results show that special district governments, private utilities, and water suppliers dependent on purchased water are more likely to participate in the program and to join early. However, urban water agencies that have joined the program have not reduced their per capita water use more than those that have not. These results underscore the influence of political institutions in public‐sector decision making and demonstrate that, as in the private sector, commitment to a VEP by local government and public agencies does not guarantee implementation or environmental improvements. While voluntary programs offer political and administrative advantages, in order for VEPs in the public sector to be effective they must be accompanied and supported by credible enforcement mechanisms, performance standards, and rigorous monitoring programs.     

Real Estate FDI in Chinese Cities: Local Market Conditions and Regional Institutions

Two China-based geographers test the importance of market conditions and local institutions in determining the locational pattern of foreign direct investment in real estate development (FDIRE), a major component of China's urban growth since the 1980s. Using data from 35 major Chinese cities, they trace the diffusion of FDIRE from a concentration in China's major coastal cities in the late 1990s to a more dispersed pattern including large inland cities in 2008. In addition to investigating the general association between FDIRE, local market opportunities, and liberalized economies/more developed land markets, the authors assess differences in the locational behaviors of developers from Hong Kong-Taiwan-Macao and foreign countries. A concluding section explores the implications of FDIRE activity for the restructuring of China's urban system. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: F210, L850, O180, R330. 3 figures, 7 tables, 35 references.     

周恩来与中国环境保护工作的起步

我国的环境保护工作始于20世纪70年代,由于长期以来,人们对环境保护的认识不够,导致生态环境的破坏和环境污染的加重。周恩来最先认识到环境保护问题的重要性,在他的努力下,中国派团参加了第一次世界环境大会。这次会议使代表团成员深刻认识到了环境保护问题的必要性。在周恩来的推动下,1973年召开了第一次全国环境保护会议,随着《关于保护和改善环境的若干规定》的出台实施,我国的环境保护工作开始步入正轨。     

The Influence of Organizations and Institutions on Wetland Policy Stability: The Rapanos Case

This paper uses a case study of wetland regulation in the United States to develop elements of a theory about institutional stability and change in policy processes involving large public organizations. This theoretical approach draws on the Institutional Analysis and Development framework to understand events that are not well explained by other policy theories. Our approach accounts for the theoretically unexpected outcomes of the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Rapanos v. United States, which stood to change the way the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulate the filling of wetlands. We propose a typology of institutional types that operate inside public organizations, and use process tracing to show how tacit institutions, those created informally within public organizations, can play key roles in determining the outcomes of policy processes. In the Rapanos case, informal coordination mechanisms enabled regulators and members of the regulated community to preserve substantially the pre‐ruling status quo. The key role of these microlevel interactions in shaping the macrolevel behaviors of public organizations underscores the importance of further research investigating how, in similar cases, different behavioral mechanisms interact in often complex and unexpected ways to determine the outcomes of policy processes.     

Changes in the Physico-Chemical and Microbial Nature of Wetlands from the Leaching of Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA)-Treated Wood

Abstract

Microbial activities are responsible for reducing the harmful effects of pollutants in different burial environments. Within wetlands in particular, microorganisms play an important role in the transformation of heavy metals and metalloids via direct or indirect oxidation/reduction. In turn, these microbial transformations can lead to the detoxification of pollutant elements such as copper, chromium and arsenic that comprise CCA-treated wood.

CCA was the most commonly used wood preservative in the UK (up until its partial ban in 2004). CCA prolongs the service life of wood by making it resistant to microbiological attack. As such, it has been regularly used in the construction of platforms and boardwalks in wetlands. However, recent concerns over the impact of the chemical constituents of this treatment on both the environment and human health have prompted the introduction of legislation in order to ensure that this type of treated wood is disposed of in accordance with the relevant health and safety guidelines.

In light of this information, it is important to assess changes in the physico-chemical and microbial nature of wetlands associated with the leaching of CCA from wooden structures. The results will not only provide a greater scope for understanding the implications associated with the in situ preservation of the archaeological resource contained within these environments, but also highlight the potential ramifications for wetland ecosystem dynamics.     

清代江南乡村的水利兴替与环境变化——以平湖横桥堰为中心

本文着重考察江南乡村的水利环境与社会变迁,从观察平湖县横桥堰为中心的区域背景入手,解析有清一代与江南的众多水利设施有着相似情况的横桥堰及其周边社会,特别是将环境变化置于自然与社会两方面考察,分析其对水利设施屡次兴复和周期性堙废的深刻影响;详细说明乡村水利与社会各阶层的诸种关系,尤其是以官绅阶层为代表的各类人物,在地方水利事业重建过程中的不同表现,而府、县两级地方行政官员的更替出现与影响,也在此过程中得以清晰地展示,从而建构起一个小地方的水利社会史,真切地感受当时的社会与环境变化,并据此略窥清代中国地方社会的一些重要生活侧面。     

区域文化与温州海外移民

论文以温州区域文化的成长路径为切入点,就其中的自由多元、重利崇义、包容豪放等文化特质如何熏陶和哺养海外温州人,并使其在思想观念、生活方式、社会意识和心理品性等方面具有鲜明特征做实证分析。认为作为中华民族一分子的海外温州人固然具有华夏子孙的共性,但同时也具有独特的地缘性。温州作为国内乃至世界范围的一个强烈的地缘概念,以其诸多独特性而吸引世人眼球。温州的海外移民,呈现出敢于抗命、乐于吃苦、富于经商、善于抱团和过于冒险、功利、炫耀、自恋等独特的区域移民气质,其文化的区域属性是决定性的、最基本的因由。     

Space, Time and Sustainability in the Hadejia-Jama'are Wetlands and the Komodugu Yobe Basin, Nigeria

Debates about sustainability still take insufficient account of the significance of space and time. In this paper, their significance is demonstrated empirically through an account of the complex environmental and socio-economic impacts of dam construction on flood-plain wetlands in the Hadejia-Jama'are river basin in Nigeria. Socio-economic data from a rapid rural appraisal exercise and household questionnaire survey (data on patterns of production in the flood plain and patterns of mobility) are appraised in the context of patterns of environmental change and of inundation (analysis of riparian vegetation and time-series aerial photographs). The paper concludes that sustainable river basin development requires more attention to be paid to the perspectives derived from different scales of analysis. This calls for appropriate institutions allowing communication at the interface between village-level producer and river basin manager.     

From China's Urban Social Space to Social and Environmental Justice

A senior American specialist on China and noted geographer argues that the preoccupation of China geographers' with empirical analyses of that country's dramatic economic, social, and urban transformation over the last two decades—usually explained in terms of the now familiar quadruple forces of globalization, marketization, deregulation, and decentralization—should be broadened to reflect a concern for the problems of disadvantaged groups impacted negatively in dynamic urban and environmental settings. The methodology of reflexive activism is proposed as affording a framework for a more relevant geography focused on the study of China, with the potential to bring about positive and constructive change on behalf of China's disadvantaged population and its natural environment, and (as a possible side benefit) generate local epistemologies enriching the study of geography more broadly. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: P30. 68 references.     

ISO14001环境管理体系及在中国饭店业中的应用

本文介绍了ISO14001环境管理体系及其在中国饭店业中的实施要点和延伸,试图为中国饭店业找寻一条实现可持续发展的道路.     

Environmental Regulations and New Plant Location Decisions: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis

Stricter environmental regulations are often opposed on the grounds that they will alter equilibrium capital flows. Empirical evidence in this area remains largely unresolved, mainly due to the quite disparate results found in the literature. This paper takes a positive look at the relationship between new manufacturing plant location decisions and environmental regulations by examining data from 11 studies that provide more than 365 observations. One major result from our meta-analysis is that methodological considerations play a critical role in shaping the body of received estimates. Our empirical estimates also lend insights into future research that is necessary before any robust conclusions can be made regarding the effects of environmental regulations on capital flows.     

Use of E-procurement in Local Authorities' Purchasing and Its Effects on Local Economies: Evidence from Cumbria,UK

In the past decade, there has been an increasing interest shown by the Government and Local Authorities in issues concerning the implementation of new technologies and means of communication in the public administration. Several operations have been moved online, including some significant purchasing functions and procedures. Electronic procurement, or e-procurement, indicates the use of electronic tools or practices during each stage of the purchasing process. E-procurement is seen as a powerful instrument to achieve efficiency and cash savings. While e-procurement helps public sector bodies to achieve their budget targets, it also increases the level of competition among public sector suppliers. This may influence the level of economic activity generated at local levels and potentially reduce the level of business provided to local firms. In the worst case, this situation could produce a knock-on effect especially in peripheral and remote areas, where the public sector is often the major purchaser. This paper focuses on the significance of e-procuring and e-tendering practices among Local Authorities in Cumbria, North-West England. The paper explores how the tendency to use e-procurement may vary among public sector suppliers with regard to business characteristics such as size, headquarter location and sector of activities. In addition, the author investigates the suppliers' ability to deal with e-procurement practices and procedure, and examines how e-buying and e-tendering in the public sector affects Local Authorities' patterns of spend.     

交通环境、社会风气与山东地方戏的流布及地区差异

本文从历史地理的角度对山东地方戏进行了简单分析。总体来说,山东地方戏在空间分布上西部多于东部。同时,两地在戏剧的内容表现与艺术风格上亦有很大的不同,西部相对以武戏为主,风格粗犷,而东部则以表现日常生活的小戏为主,风格细腻柔和。之所以如此,主要是由于两地不同的交通地理环境与社会风气所造成的。     

Planning and the Culture of Governance: Local Institutions and Reform in France

Legislation introducing major reform of the French planning system is now 6 years old. It was intentionally seen as part of a trio of reforming statutes that linked spatial planning to institutional reform of local government. Taking as its starting point, the idea that planning is inevitably an embedded activity, it explores the relationship between institutional reform and the reform of planning in France generally, and then more specifically in the Région urbaine de Lyon. It concludes that the search for greater simplicity and clarity is not borne out by results on the ground. The French case demonstrates that the success or failure of planning reform is intimately linked to the nature of local government.     

Stretching the Limits: Environmental Compensation, Habitat Creation and Sustainable Development

The rationales for ecological and landscape engineering are becoming absorbed within economistic interpretations of sustainable development grounded in maintaining 'environmental capital'. These interpretations incorporate the possibility of compensating for the adverse impacts of development with environmental benefits of equivalent worth, thus maintaining the 'stock'. Habitat creation is an important form of this 'environmental compensation'. This paper explores the conflicts surrounding environmental compensation as sustainable development is translated into policy and practice in the British planning system. The extent to which environment damage can be meaningfully compensated raises difficult questions of environmental values and technical expertise. Analysis at two levels – national planning policy and the negotiation of compensatory habitat creation for a specific development scheme – indicates that the pursuit of environmental compensation through present planning processes can serve to accommodate development interests. Furthermore, claims about the manageability of environmental impacts help legitimize particular patterns of economic growth.