The Water Balance of the Land

The article gives a quantitative evaluation of the elements of the hydrologic cycle (precipitation, runoff, evaporation) for the earth as a whole, for natural geographic zones of the USSR (tundra, tayga, steppe, desert) and for types of land within a given zone. The role of man in altering the water balance of individual territories through reclamation measures (irrigation, drainage, plowing up of virgin land) and through changes in agricultural techniques is also discussed.     

The Water Balance of the World's Continents and a Balance Estimate of the World's Freshwater Resources

The results of several years of investigation of the water balance of continents and the world's freshwater resources are presented. Through the use of interpolation relationships to make up for data gaps, maps are compiled for the basic elements of the water balance of the world: total runoff, including its surface and subsurface components, evaporation, gross wetness (soil moisture) and the coefficient of subsurface alimentation of streams, which reflects much of the stable component of streamflow. Revised estimates for the water-balance elements are offered for continents on the basis of revised data. The per capita water supply of continents is calculated, with separate listing of the stable component of runoff, consisting not only of the subsurface flow to streams but also the portion of surface streamflow that is regulated through lakes and reservoirs.     

The Water Balance and its Zonal Characteristics

The structure of the water-balance is found to have zonal characteristics corresponding to the major natural geographic zones (tundra, forest, steppe). Data on evapotranspiration and groundwater runoff plotted as a function of soil moisture show a distinct zonal pattern of the water-balance structure. This pattern is most clearly evident in the groundwater runoff coefficient, which reflects the share of soil moisture that percolates downward to replenish the groundwater reserves.     

An Approach toward Energy Balance Simulation over Rugged Terrain

We develop a digital computer model, based upon equilibrium temperature theory, of the magnitudes of the components of the energy balance for a mountainous topographic surface. The model includes an algorithm for calculating slope, exposure, and horizon information for every point on a digitized grid. Incoming solar and thermal radiation are then simulated for every point. At present the model is designed for clear-sky conditions, but it could be modified for cloudy skies. Air temperature and humidity variations are specified by externally defined relations, and values for albedo and soil thermal properties are specified for every point on the grid. Wind speed variation over the grid is not modeled, but is specified by an empirical function. The model simulates net radiation, soil heat flow, sensible and latent heat flow, and surface temperature at specified time intervals. Output is in the form of contour maps.     

Knowledge of God According to Hosea the Ripper: The Interlacing of Theology and Social Ideology in Hosea 2*

Abstract

A semiotic reading of Hosea 2 suggests that two stories are told: The story of Hosea and Gomer, and the story of Yahweh and Israel. This semiotic entanglement, however, is also present in the passage of cosmic promises, Hos 2,18–25. “Knowing God” in the Book of Hosea is not just a question of adhering to a system of religious thoughts, it is a question of knowing how to live one's life according to specific social rules, namely that of patriarchy. The theology of the text cannot be separated from the ideology of the text. This is to be tested on the text of Hos 2,18–25 in which the emphasis is apparently firmly placed on the universal signified.     

The World According to Washington

Henry Blumenthal. Illusion and Reality in Franco-American Diplomacy , 1914–1945
Julian G. Hurstfield. America and the French Nation, 1939–194.5     

The New Development Bank and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank: China's Ambiguous Approach to Global Financial Governance

The creation of the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) has generated a great deal of attention and controversy in the development community and beyond. Do these banks indicate that China is promoting a new model of multilateral development finance that undermines the existing system dating back to Bretton Woods? What are the forces shaping China's policy choices in this area? In contrast to the prevailing tendency to view these banks as part and parcel of the same challenge or opportunity for multilateral development financing, this article highlights major distinctions between the NDB and the AIIB. The fact that China is playing a prominent role in both the NDB and the AIIB suggests that China is not promoting a coherent new model of multilateral development financing, but is instead straddling different traditions in this realm of global financial governance. The ambiguity in China's approach to multilateral development finance is shaped by its multiple identities and complex economic and political interests.     

The Water Balance and Groundwater Resources in Connection with the Vertical Water Exchange in the Upper Zone of the Earth's Crust

For research on regional estimates of the water balance and future water-resource planning, it is important to determine the amount of water leakage downward across the base level, i.e. from the upper layers of the earth's crust drained by streams to the lower layers. The author presents a methodology based on water-balance equations that shows such leakage to be negligible in terms of the margin of error of precipitation and evapotranspiration records. It can therefore be assumed that the groundwater discharge into streams is practically identical with the recharge of groundwater reserves through percolation.     

董必武首倡"按法律办事"

1954年1月14日,董必武在政务院第202次会议上对1954年政法工作的主要任务作了说明,认为国家已经进入大规模的经济建设时期,治国方略应从搞运动转到"按法律办事".这是董必武在新中国成立以后第一次郑重提出"按法律办事",同时,他还提出了"培养群众法律意识"、"教育人民守法,首先要国家机关工作人员守法"等思想,这是他经过多年观察、思考而凝练出的治国良策,是他法学思想的升华.     

The Global Frontier: Comparative History and the Frontier-Borderlands Approach in American Foreign Relations

"This trip into the Amazon would help to understand the real potential of Fordlandia: if it were all just an enormous glass container, a cavity made of precious crystal, into which an eccentric millionaire had poured his eccentric dreams; or if, in fact, it really was a pioneering adventure whose goal was to raise the flag of progress in an unknown territory, as unknown as it was beautiful, never to leave."
ldquo;So, don't you think, then, that to tamper with Eden is to destroy it?"     

塔里木盆地水资源利用与生态平衡及土地沙漠化

在气候极端干旱的塔里木盆地 ,人类开发利用水资源 ,使水资源消耗由以自然生态为主转向以人工绿洲生态为主 ,从而使生态环境发生相应变化 ,这种变化的基本规律是 :沙漠化与绿洲化并存 ,互有消长 ,“人进沙退”和“沙进人退”皆有 ,但以沙进人退为主。上游灌区引水增加 ,人工绿洲由原先多分布在河流下游三角洲向山前平原推进 ,面积不断扩大 ,使这里生态环境改善。河流中、下游由于水量减少 ,古代绿洲衰亡 ,天然植被退化 ,沙漠化扩大 ,使生态环境不断恶化。而处于沙漠和绿洲之间由林地、草地和自然水域构成的过渡带不断缩小 ,防护功能不断减弱 ,形成了沙漠危逼绿洲的严峻态势。     

从《寻乌调查》谈地方志编写

《寻乌调查》是革命战争时期毛泽东同志在赣南寻乌进行社会调查时所写的调查报告,这一著作对方志编修有启发意义。它提供了一套搜集资料的方法,即通过调查采访,搜集综合地情资料,并运用正确的方法分析研究地情,从而全面记录一地的历史与现状,并反映出社会发展规律。这些都是续修志书应当借鉴的。     

按照“三个代表”，要求开展国史研究

国史研究是党领导的社会科学事业 ,应当坚持以马克思主义唯物史观为指导。“三个代表”重要思想本身 ,就是根据历史唯物主义的基本原理 ,结合党的历史和党所面临的新形势、新任务而提出的 ,是历史唯物主义在新的历史条件下的运用和发展。要按照“三个代表”的要求解决好国史研究的重点问题 ,坚定地站在中国人民的根本利益的立场上来研究国史、撰写国史 ,真实地反映中国人民建设有中国特色社会主义的伟大实践。要按照“三个代表”的要求解决好国史研究中是非判断的标准问题 ,国史的主流是成就是经验 ,国史研究的重点也只能是建国以后的成就和经验。国史研究要更好地发挥资政育人的作用 ,这是国史研究的正确方向 ,也是国史学科建设的关键所在。