Assessing Measures Designed to Protect the Homeland

Some general parameters are proposed for evaluating homeland security measures that seek to make potential targets notably less vulnerable to terrorist attack, and these are then applied to specific policy considerations. Since the number of targets is essentially unlimited, since the probability that any given target will be attacked is near zero, since the number and competence of terrorists is limited, since target-selection is effectively a near-random process, and since a terrorist is free to redirect attention from a protected target to an unprotected one of more or less equal consequence, protection seems to be sensible only in a limited number of instances.     

论改革开放以来法价值取向的历史流变与发展趋势

法价值是法学的基本命题,也是社会关注的焦点。中国自改革开放以来法价值取向随着时代的变化而有所侧重。我们可以认为：自党的十一届三中全会以来,中国法价值取向经历了从秩序到效率、法治与人权的历史流变,但其发展趋势必然朝着公平正义的方向发展。     

试析太平洋战争爆发后国民党的外交政策

太平洋战争爆发后,世界政治形势发生巨大变化,苏联忙于应付对德战争无暇东顾,停止了对华援助,国民党遂冷却了抗战爆发以来与苏联的密切关系,将其寻求外援的对象转向美英两国,美英为加强中国抗战也对国民党进行了巨额援助,国民党与美英关系迅速升温,借此国民党积极开展了谋求大国地位和修约外交并取得了积极的成果。     

The historiography of hunger: changing views on the world food problem, 1945-1980

The author discusses changing views on the world food problem since 1945. "The extent of the problem has been a matter of debate as hunger cannot be directly measured; estimated minimum requirements for energy have been reduced since 1945 and the causes of malnutrition reappraised. World food production has kept up with population growth since 1945, as it has in all major regions except Africa. But when individual countries are considered, food output per head has been declining since 1961-5 in many countries in Africa and Asia. Food output has been increased in the developing countries by expanding the area under cultivation and by increasing yields." In addition the author concludes that "the Green Revolution has however not achieved early expectations and has had some adverse economic and social consequences. Because world food output per caput has risen considerably since 1945, some have argued that the world food problem is one of distribution, not production. Data on food output per caput suggest this is not always so."     

葡人私据浙东沿海Liampo——双屿港古今地望考实

本是对16世纪葡萄牙人私据的Liampo和中国献称为“贼巢”的双屿港的新考证。中对19世纪初以来中外学研究所达到的水平和遗留问题,以及当前学研究的误解做了评述订正,认为双屿港埠当在今六横岛涨起港。     

Counting the Costs of the Nuclear Age

Stephen L. Schwartz, Atomic audit: the costs and consequences of US nuclear weapons since 1940     

The making of the Heart of the World: representation and the Kogi

Abstract

The Kogi of Colombia's Sierra Nevada have maintained a culture isolated from colonial contact since 1600. Living in the ‘Heart of the World’ they call themselves ‘Elder Brother’. They consider themselves the world's caretakers and the keepers of a traditional knowledge long since lost by the invasive and destructive colonizing ‘Younger Brother’. An invitation from a BBC filmmaker to provide a medium for the Kogi to contact the outside world was accepted. The result was a film that the Kogi planned and devised to warn Younger Brother to stop his destructive behaviour.     

The crystallization of Israeli policy against a return of the Arab refugees: April‐December, 1948

Anti-Americanism has been part of Europe's elite discourse at least since the founding of the United States of America in 1776. However, the congruence of antipathy towards America on the mass and elite levels stems largely from events since 1990. While the policies of the administrations of George W. Bush have contributed to this convergence between elite and mass attitudes, its main reasons have been structural. European anti-Americanism has been accompanied by manifestations of anti-Semitism since the nineteenth century. However, the acuity and acerbity of this link is also a phenomenon of the last fifteen years.     

改革开放以来江苏考古的新成果与新理念

江苏是新中国成立以来最早开展考古工作的省份之一。改革开放以来,江苏开展了数百项考古发掘工作,取得了一系列重要的考古学成果,重大课题研究也取得突破性进展,并形成了将考古发掘与大遗址保护有机结合的新理念。     

奥斯曼时期的巴黎城市改造和城市化

1853年到1870年奥斯曼的巴黎改造构成了欧洲高速城市化时代的缩影。这主要是由于19世纪以来人口增长、经济发展以及资本积累达到一定程度的结果。巴黎的城市建设也是中世纪后期以来就已进行而从未间断的改造的延续。奥斯曼对巴黎的改造是系统的、全面的,而且是同基础设施建设和社会福利发展联系在一起的,并非任意的破坏和扩建,也遵循了一定的审美法则,从而在极端开发改造的时代走出了一条独特的城市化道路。     

An audit of the India-Pakistan peace process

The India-Pakistan peace process, technically known as the Composite Dialogue Process (CDP) has sailed through numerous highs and lows in bilateral relations since 1997. It has remained susceptible to unforeseen incidents which have derailed the process several times in the past. However, since 2003 April it has progressed steadily, baring suspension for a while, with support from the highest level. This paper dwells upon the history of the peace process since it inception in 1997 and examines the progress made in the eight baskets of issues namely Jammu and Kashmir (J&K); Siachen; Wullar Barrage/Tulbul Navigation Project; Sir Creek; Terrorism and Drug Trafficking; Economic and Commercial Cooperation; Peace and Security; and, Promotion of Friendly Exchanges in various fields. The analysis of the peace process in this paper hinges on two key questions. First, has any change in the mindset of both sides come about over the years due to the peace process? And second, what are the prospects of resolving the pending issues in the future talks?     

山东细石器文化概论

大约在距今一万年前后,山东境内远古居民开始由旧石器时代向新石器时代过渡的时期,因这个时期最突出的特点是以细小的打制石器为主要特征的一种文化,故称“细石器文化”,或“中石器文化”。...     

《周易》古文经本亟待建立刍议——从费氏易不传古文经谈起

本论证了自东汉以来关于费氏易传古经的传统结论实属传讹。中列举了新近出土的古本《易》与今本《易》仅一字有别而反映出的事实和义理大不相同的例子,阐明亟待复原出一部古易经本,以清除古人在今本易经的形成过程中对经的误识、误定。     

关于中国军队中朝鲜族官兵返回朝鲜的历史考察

朝鲜战争爆发前,中国军队中的一大批朝鲜族官兵先后返回朝鲜。这些官兵大都是自近代以来尤其是日本吞并朝鲜以来,从朝鲜半岛迁入中国东北的朝鲜族。特殊的历史环境造就了这些朝鲜族具有双重国籍的特性,也构成了战后朝鲜族部队形成、改编和回国的复杂背景。他们返回朝鲜,看似孤立的历史事件,但它源于自近代以来朝鲜半岛向中国移民的历史,源于中朝两国人民携手反抗日本侵略的武装斗争史,更源于战后初期在特殊历史背景下展开的中国共产党与朝鲜的关系。某种意义上讲,它是这种错综复杂的历史渊源关系发展的必然结果。     

A Commemorative Happy Day China holds grand commemorative activities to celebrate the millennium of the Gesar Epic

On Oct.17,2001,delegates from more than 140countries and regions unanimously agreed,at the 31thUNESCO session,that the commemorative activitiesto celebrate the millennium of the Gesar Epic wouldbe enlisted into one of the UN programs from July of2002 to july of 2003.It shows an internationally affir-mative recognition of the wisdom of the Tibetan eth-nic group of China,and it is also an internationallyaffirmative recognition of those great achievementsmade in the collection,collation and academic researchof documents of the Gesar Epic in China since thefounding of New China,especially since its reform andopening up.     

论宋以来北方人口素质的下降

宋代以来经济重心南移之后,北方地区既失去了劳动人口的数量优势,在人口质量方面也呈现下降趋势,至明清两代更为明显。通过与南方的比较看出,主要表现在化水平的落后,思想观念的陈旧,精神的萎靡与懒惰。以绝望的心态面对穷困的经济状况,以消极的态度对待生产,丧失了信心和再开发能力。片面重农却是粗放耕作,造成产业结构性的贫困,既无开展副业、手工业的技术,更不善于或不屑于从事商业,改造客观世界的能力低下。人口素质的下降是宋以来北方社会经济落后与衰退的一个重要原因。     

秦漢六朝的生日記憶與生日稱慶

本文探討秦漢六朝以來生日記憶與生日稱慶習俗産生的背景與過程。从秦代到1911年,官府戶籍登記制度只要求記錄百姓的生年或年齡,未具體到生月與日。生日記憶與稱慶主要流行於家庭、家族乃至親友的範圍內,與國家制度無關。各種資料顯示,對死者的生日記憶宋元以後纔開始普遍化,此前僅見零星記載,多見於皇家,應與存在嚴密的檔案制度有關。反而是"卒日",自先秦以來一向受到重視。不過,算命術的流行表明,生日記憶實際早就存在,且根植於本土的傳統,只是目的主要在於了解子女或自己的命運,尚未見到慶生的事例。由單純的記憶轉變爲年度性的慶祝,最早見於南朝末年江南地區,應是受到佛教佛誕(多爲四月八日)活動的啓發,同時,在成佛信念的引導下出現的。到唐代,生日稱慶則自下而上,由民俗而發展成國家慶典。     

当代中国防灾救灾的成就与经验

我国自古以来就是一个多灾的国家,中华人民共和国成立以后,党和政府组织人民大力防灾救灾,取得了举世瞩目的成就。新中国成立60年来,虽然每一次灾害都对人民的生活、财产和社会发展带来了不同程度的危害和影响,但是随着抗灾救灾能力的不断提高,中国人民战胜了一次又一次重大灾害,积累了丰富的经验。今天的中国,灾害仍是一个十分突出的问题,防灾救灾在相当长的时期内仍将是党和国家的重要工作之一。     

民国时期英国驻拉萨代表团的设置及其活动(英文)

During the period of the Republic of China,the British behaved aggressively towards Tibet.Serving as the frontline and centres of the aggression,British representative agencies in different areas have since become object of study for scholars1.Generally speaking,     

The Weddell centenary and the problems of Antarctica

Most of the new industries established in Northern Ireland since 1945 have followed the traditional pattern of concentrating in the Belfast region. This has created serious problems in the remote rural fringes of the Province. To stimulate local initiative in these areas a Local Enterprise Development Unit (LEDU) was set up in 1971 aimed particularly at encouraging small manufacturing firms. Grants, loans, small factories and advice are made available to help small enterprises at all stages of growth and development. The scheme has had some notable successes but the level of local initiative has been disappointing and since 1974 the unstable political situation has reduced the amount of aid distributed and the number of jobs created.