The use of wind direction data to predict pollution dispersal around the Port Kembla industrial area,New South Wales

Wind direction data were used to calculate the percentage time during which winds blew over the principal sources of air pollution at Port Kembla into each of the surrounding residential suburbs for each month of 1980. The percentage wind frequencies (PWFs) correlated well with measured concentrations of airborne metals in the suburbs and with measured rates of metal deposition in moss bags located in suburbs adjoining the air pollution sources. PWFs for all suburbs exhibited winter minima and spring-summer maxima, with the highest PWFs being calculated for suburbs south to south-west of the industrial area and the lowest for suburbs lying to the west. Where experimental data are not available, PWFs could provide an indication of air quality for land-use planning and zoning.     

ISSUES IN THE REGIONALIZATION OF INDUSTRY IN THE SOCIALIST COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE

A hierarchy of industrial areas in Eastern Europe is described, consisting of 40 industrial regions, about 200 industrial nodes, and numerous industrial centers and ordinary industrial places. Evidence of the formation of a higher-ranking industrial macroregion covering the border area of East Germany, Poland and Czechoslovakia is adduced. Six other entities of industrial macroregion rank are identified in the rest of Europe (including the European USSR east to the Urals).     

Plasma drifts inferred from thermospheric neutral winds and temperature gradients observed at low latitudes

Low-latitude plasma drifts (zonal and meridional) in the F-region are inferred from the observed night-time thermospheric neutral wind velocities and temperature gradients, together with models for the neutral density (MSIS-86 model) and the electron density (IRI model). The thermospheric neutral winds and temperatures are derived from measurements of Doppler shifts and widths of the Oi 630.0 nm airglow emission line, respectively, using a Fabry-Perot interferometer at Cachoeira Paulista (23°S, 45°W), Brazil. The equations considered are the ideal gas law and the momentum equation for the thermosphere, which includes the time variation of the neutral wind, the pressure gradient which is related to the temperature and density gradients and the ion drag force. The present method to infer the night-time plasma drift using observed neutral parameters (time variation of neutral wind velocities and temperature gradients) showed results that are in reasonable agreement with our calculated plasma drifts and those observed in other low-latitude locations. On the other hand, it is surprising that sometimes the winds flow from the observed coldest sector to the hottest part of the thermosphere during many hours, suggesting that plasma drift can drive the neutral winds at low latitudes for a period of time.     

长春-吉林经济带的形成与空间结构特点研究

文章通过对经济带概念的分析,构建经济带的形成和演进理论,认为经济带有等级、层次之分,其时空演进的理论为增长极理论——点一轴发展理论——梯度推移理论。在此基础上,论证长春—吉林经济带的存在性,分析其结构、功能及空间联系形式。作者认为,长春—吉林经济带目前是一个弱经济带,其扩散效应较弱,随着其扩散效应的增强,长春—吉林经济带将能够从整体上带动和促进吉林省的经济发展。     

三峡库区工业空间组织结构的调整与优化

本文认为三峡库区工业空间组织结构的调整与优化是库区整个工业结构调整的重要组成部分。三峡库区工业的空间组织结构调整必须与长江产业带建设、三峡经济区生产力总体布局以及库区的城镇体系建设相协调,在优化库区工业经济空间布局过程中应该以库区工业企业迁建为契机,把工业布局优化同城镇搬迁、基础设施建设相结合。库区工业组织结构调整与优化整体思路可以概括为:"两头牵动、中间布点、形成三区、主轴衔接、由线而面、双向拓展"。最后提出了相应的保障措施。     

中国产业在东亚的优势及结构调整

中国产业的发展已进入了按国际分工构来选择和实施战略性调整的关键时期。本文采用比较优势指数及贸易特化系数,分析了中国与东亚各国和地区贸易中工业制品的比较优势及竞争优势的状况,指出中国与东亚的产业国际分工的特征、竞争与互补关系以及如何重构中国产业竞争优势的问题。     

后福特方式下城市产业空间格局和结构的演变——以广州服装产业为例

随着生产方式由福特制向后福特制演变,城市产业空间呈现出特有的格局变化,进而影响城市空间结构的变化.文章在构建后福特生产方式下城市产业空间格局和结构变化的理论框架的基础上,利用2008年和2018年广州服装企业数据,探究其空间格局和结构演变.研究结果表明:①广州服装产业空间格局演变符合后福特生产影响下的产业空间变化特征,...     

Mean winds in the winter middle atmosphere above northern Scandinavia

Wind measurements which were carried out during the MAP/WINE Campaign in northern Scandinavia between 2 December 1983 and 24 February 1984 are used to derive background winds and monthly as well as winter mean values from the ground up to 90 km altitude. These mean winds compare favourably to the wind field proposed for the revised CIRA 86, which is deduced from satellite measurements. The vertical structure of the zonal monthly means is similar in both data sets during January and February. The winter mean zonal winds are observed to be slightly stronger in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere during the MAP/WINE winter than the satellite winds proposed for CIRA 86. The long term mean meridional winds are in good agreement up to 60 km. They indicate a dominant influence of quasistationary planetary waves up to 90 km and an ageostrophic poleward flow between 60 km and 85 km over northern Scandinavia, which maximizes at 76 km at about 8 m s⁻¹. The observed short term variability of the wind is discussed with respect to a possible impact of saturating gravity waves on the momentum budget of the middle atmosphere.     

Winter Daily Precipitation Variability over Northern Scotland

Daily winter (December, January and February) precipitation variability over mainland Northern Scotland (1994–2004) is analysed using 99 rain gauges. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to identify four main patterns of rainfall variability that collectively account for nearly 75% of the variance. The most important pattern (PC 1) shows a west to east decline in rainfall; and is associated with a westerly wind flow, orographic enhancement and rain shadow effects. PC 2 shows a south to north decline in rainfall, a distribution that is generated disproportionately by southerly winds and a more southerly storm track than PC 1's pattern. PC 3 produces the most rainfall in Aberdeenshire and the least in Inverness-shire and Argyll. This spatial distribution is caused mostly by south-easterly flows, with the lowest pressure occurring in eastern Scotland or over the North Sea. PC 4 exhibits a localised precipitation maximum in Nairnshire and Moray, which tends to occur on days with a north to north-easterly wind. Cluster analysis is used to identify six rainfall regions, with regionalisations being derived for each wind direction. The most important sub-division in the region's rainfall climatology is between Aberdeen and Banff and the remainder of the mainland; rainfall variability over time in these two eastern counties thus differs considerably from other parts of Northern Scotland. The Caithness Plain also emerges as a distinct region despite its small area. Distinct rainfall regions are most evident on days when the wind blows from the westerly quadrant.     

Determination of velocity vectors of thermospheric wind from dispersion relations of TID's observed by an HF Doppler array

A method of determining horizontal velocity vectors and temperature of thermospheric winds from azimuthally different ω-κ diagrams derived from the data of traveling ionospheric disturbances (TID's) observed by an HF Doppler array has been developed. In this method, an analogous property between the Brunt-Vaisala frequency in the atmospheric oscillations and the plasma frequency in the plasma oscillations is applied to the analysis of the observed data. A declination of the resonance branches of the Brunt-Vaisala frequency in the ω-κ diagrams due to a Lorentz transformation is used for the estimation of the velocity vector of the thermospheric wind. This method makes it possible to separate the velocity vector of the thermospheric wind and the propagating directions of the TID's from the azimuthally different ω-κ diagrams. Several results of the velocity vectors during the daytime data are consistent with the results obtained by incoherent scatter radars and theoretical results. Furthermore, a typical dispersion curve which agrees well with those of the acoustic gravity waves derived from the linear perturbation theory under the isothermal atmospheric condition has been also obtained.     

长春市居住与工业空间演进的耦合性测度及影响因素

以长春市为研究对象,基于用地现状图等数据,借助ArcGIS软件,采用斑块聚合指数、标准差椭圆、核密度估计等研究方法,对1995-2013年长春市居住与工业空间演进的耦合性进行了测度,发现： ①长春市居住、工业与城市用地分布的“离散化”趋势明显,其中居住用地的斑块聚合指数波动幅度较大;②从居住与工业用地“中心-外围”分布特征来看,三环以内居住与工业用地呈现明显的“逆协同”演变规律,二者的用地密度变化表现出明显的差异性;③从居住与工业用地格局演进来看,二者布局的耦合度呈下降趋势。从成长路径依赖、政府调控引导、市场经济驱动、科技创新带动、空间主体的决策等六个方面分析了影响居住与工业空间演进耦合性的影响因素。     

城市规划视角下西安市主城区住宅空间结构演变研究

近年来,住宅市场的空间分异逐渐受到学界关注。本文以西安市主城区为研究区域,以2003年至2009年区内住宅资料为基础数据,分析了西安市主城区住宅空间结构的动态演变规律,并从城市规划视角对住宅空间结构演变机制做以探究。结果认为:西安市主城区内住宅空间结构呈现出数量上向轴线和板块集聚、价格上向多核均衡演变的趋势。住宅空间结构的演变受城市规划的空间战略、产业布局、交通建设和设施配套等影响较大。科学的城市规划能够引导住宅结构逐步优化,使之从单一极化结构向多极多层次的网络化均衡结构演变。     

包头市城市生态支持系统可持续发展的限制因子探讨

本文在了解包头市自然环境与社会经济状况的基础上,采用了静态与动态相结合的方法,运用层次分析法从支持水平、协调性、发展能力三个方面构建指标体系,建立研究模型,定性与定量相结合,对包头市的城市生态支持系统自1992年-2001年十年以来的发展轨迹进行了全面深入的研究分析与评价,得出包头市"城市生态支持系统支持水平较低"的结论,在此基础上提出了包头市城市生态支持系统的主要限制因子。目的在于通过对包头市城市生态支持系统的综合水平的分析与评价,正确认识城市发展中存在的问题,提高城市生态支持系统的结构、功能,提高限制因子容量,推动包头市城市生态支持系统的建设,促进城市健康发展。     

Observations of winds in the Antarctic summer mesosphere using the spaced antenna technique

Observations of winds in the 60–100 km height range were made at Mawson (68°S, 63°E) during December 1981 and January 1982 with the MF spaced antenna technique. The prevailing winds are in accord with other recent observations made at high latitudes and show a peak in the zonal wind near 80 km with westward winds of 30 m s ⁻¹. The meridional winds maximize near 90 km with an equatorward flow of 10 m s⁻¹. The diurnal tidal components are in reasonable agreement with recent model predictions, especially in phase. The amplitudes tend to be larger than the model values. The semidiurnal tide is not as stable as the diurnal tide and shows evidence for interference effects between different modes.     

运用空间自相关分析集聚经济类型的地理格局

集聚经济的类型决定着区域经济的发展方向。传统的度量指标是基尼系数、Ellison-Glaeser指数等,但这类指标却没有考虑相邻地区间经济的相互影响。据此,本文提出用空间自相关方法,衡量区域的集聚经济水平,并且利用2002年江苏省县级工业数据,实证分析和探讨江苏省城市化和地方化集聚经济的地理格局。     

GROWTH,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT,AND THE ENVIRONMENT: EVIDENCE FROM CHINESE CITIES

ABSTRACT In this paper, we investigate the relationship between economic growth and industrial pollution emissions in China using data for 112 major cities between 2001 and 2004. Using disaggregated data, we separate foreign direct investment inflows from Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan from those of other foreign economies. We examine two industrial water pollution indicators (wastewater and petroleum‐like matter) and four industrial air pollution indicators (waste gas, sulfur dioxide, soot, and dust). Our results suggest that most air and water emissions rise with increases in economic growth at current income levels. The share of output of domestic‐ and foreign‐owned firms increases several pollutants in a statistically significant manner while output of firms from Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan either reduces pollution or is statistically insignificant.     

建构主义视角下工业遗产的功能置换和意义诠释——广州红专厂的案例研究

从建构主义的角度,研究广州红专厂的空间功能置换和游客感知,空间功能的置换具体表现为物质载体工业建筑和机器设备的外观改造及用途变化,而游客感知则通过分析游客对工业遗产空间的感知情况,探讨空间置换后产生和传达出的意义。通过比较这些意义与工业遗产价值的关系,可以更好的理解工业遗产空间的消费主义改造方式,也可以更好的理解创意产业空间所体现的当今社会对工业遗产的态度。研究发现,游客将红专厂理解为一个文化艺术和休闲消费的场所,而不是工业文明的记忆空间。红专厂工业空间的创意产业园式改造,传递出的已经不是工业文化的内涵,而是新的消费意义,实际上是工业文化向消费文化转变的过程。这种再利用方式与真正意义上的工业遗产保护是有所偏离的。     

沈阳市工业空间重组及其动力机制

在分析城市工业空间结构演进规律的基础上,对沈阳市改革开放以来工业空间结构的演变进行分析,发现沈阳市工业的空间扩散趋势明显,进入工业郊区化的发展阶段。城区传统工业企业外迁,优化了城区的土地利用结构。近郊工业化成效显著,成为沈阳市新的工业基地。指出工业发展和结构调整,城市土地使用制度改革,生态城市建设,跨国公司的FDI,文化观念的转变均是影响沈阳市工业空间重组的重要因素。     

连云港市的双核结构与区域发展探讨

连云港市呈现出典型的一市双城式空间结构。研究表明,该市的这种由市区与港口组成的双核结构,历史上曾经有三种不同的组合,即海州与新浦、新浦与大浦、新浦与连云。海岸线的东移、铁路等现代交通方式的影响,以及河海相交的区位优势等是造成不同时期形成不同双核结构的主要原因。对其演化过程与形成机理进行深入分析,不仅有助于探讨该市今后城市空间结构的演化趋势,也为双核结构模式的机理分析,提供一个典型的案例。     

Atmospheric winds calculated from diurnal changes in the mid-latitude ionosphere

Diurnal variations in the electron content (N_t) and peak density (N_m) of the ionosphere are calculated using a full time-varying model which includes the effects of electric fields, interhemispheric fluxes and neutral winds. The calculation is iterated, adjusting the assumed hourly values of neutral wind until a good match is obtained with mean experimental values of N_t and N_m. Using accurate ionospheric data for quiet conditions at 35°S and 43°S, winds are derived for summer, equinox and winter conditions near solar maximum and solar minimum. Solar maximum results are also obtained at 35°N. Changes in the neutral wind are found to be the major cause of seasonal changes in the ionosphere, and of differences between the two hemispheres. Calculated winds show little variation with latitude, but the winds increase by about 30% at solar minimum (in equinox and winter). The HWM90 wind model gives daytime winds which are nearly twice too large near solar maximum. The theoretical VSH model agrees better with observed daytime variations, and both models fit the observed winds reasonably well at night. Results indicate that modelling of the quiet, mid-latitude ionosphere should be adequate for many purposes when improved wind models are available. Model values for the peak height of the ionosphere are also provided; these show that wind calculations using servo theory are unreliable from sunrise to noon and for several hours after sunset.