丰厚的成果 创新的道路——《龙虬庄——江淮东部新石器时代遗址发掘报告》评介

《龙虬庄——江淮东部新石器时代遗址发掘报告》,龙虬庄遗址考古队编著,科学出版社,1999年9月出版,84万字,彩版12版,黑白版88版,插图、附表近600幅。     

扬州有多少记忆可以重来

<正>文明的曙光晨过龙虬庄,我便驱车直奔扬州。大约一万年前,今天的扬州已经成陆于长江三角洲的冲积平原,气候温润,物产富饶。龙虬庄、周邱墩遗址的发现,不仅填补了苏北水网地区无古文化遗址的空白,也表明六、七千年前这里的先民已经种植水稻,产生了原始的稻作文化。西周时期,周武王灭了商     

高邮龙虬庄遗址的发掘及其意义

高邮龙虬庄遗址的发掘及其意义张敏龙虬在遗址位于高邮市一沟乡龙虬庄村,距高邮市区约８公里。遗址近似正方形,四周有河水环绕,海拔高度２．６米,面积达４万平方米,是江淮东部面积最大的一处新石器时代遗址。遗址的南半部是龙虬在村,北半部是农田。七十年代初,沿村...     

淮河下游新石器时代的绚丽画卷──龙虬庄遗址与江淮地区古文化学术座谈会专家发言纪要

江淮东部是介于海岱地区和太湖地区之间的一个重要的考古学文化区。自５０年代初在江淮东部发现淮安青莲岗遗址并由此提出青莲岗文化的命名以来,江淮地区的考古工作始终受到考古学界的高度关注。而高邮龙虬庄遗址被评为１９９３年中国十大考古新发现之后,在考古学界也产生了较大的影响。围绕龙虬庄遗址的考古发现,探讨江淮东部原始文化和青莲岗文化,以及淮河流域古文化,对于推动中国考古学研究向纵深发展,有着积极的意义。在高邮召开的龙虬庄遗址与江淮地区古文化的座谈会上,来自北京和苏鲁豫皖浙的专家各抒己见,本刊将座谈会上有代表性的专家的发言经整理后以纪要的形式刊出,旨在对江苏乃至淮河流域的考古工作起到积极的推动作用。     

一部多学科合作的考古著作--读《龙虬庄》

随着考古信息量的增加与研究的深入,对考古报告的编排形式提出了新的要求。《龙虬庄》确立了江淮东部新石器时代化——龙虬庄化,编排形式上体现出化遗物和自然遗物并重的特点。报告对江淮东部古环境、遗址反映的经济形态、人地关系等进行了合理构建和研究。从其所揭示的大量信息来看,《龙虬庄》是一部多学科合作的新体例的考古学作。     

环境与河姆渡文化

20世纪50年代,环境考古学随着新考古学的传入而被中国考古学界所接受。50年代后,在自然科学技术的支持下,环境考古学的研究取得了长足的发展。北京大学的严文明教授把中国环境考古学的发展分为三个层次。第一个层次就是对具体遗址的古环境研究。这在我国目前已经充分展开,如周口店遗址、半坡遗址、龙虬庄遗址、     

龙虬庄陶文破译

龙虬庄陶文破译刘志一１９９３年４－６月,江苏省高邮市一沟乡龙虬庄遗址的发掘,发现陶文陶片。其时代距今约５５００－５０００年（《中国文物报》１９９３年９月５日）。若将发表的陶文图版（见本期张敏文第４７页图）上下转回则其上有独立可分的文字４个（右侧直行）...     

江苏东台开庄遗址动物遗存研究报告

开庄遗址2018-2019年的发掘工作中收获了丰富的动物遗存,包含龟科、大雁、狗、熊、猪、梅花鹿、水鹿、麂、獐、麋鹿、水牛等,尤其以麋鹿等野生动物种类占优.对H13性质的分析及麇鹿各部位出现频率的讨论显示出开庄遗址和其他遗址之间可能存在搬运行为或其他联系.生业经济方面,开庄遗址良渚晚期是以饲养家猪和狞猎野生动物相结合的模式,而到了龙山文化时期,则迅速转变为大量采集狩猎的资源获取模式.     

古老而神奇的龙虬庄遗址

在江苏省高邮市龙虬镇北有一处距今约7000～5000年前左右的新石器时代的遗址——龙虬庄遗址,该遗址在历史上尚缺记载。最先是由南京博物院下放在该地的张正祥、纪仲庆两位考古专家于70年代发现的。经援请国家物局批准,由南京博物院考古研究所、扬州博物馆、高邮市物管理委员会派员组成的龙虬庄考古队,于1993-1995年先后进行4次大规模考古发掘,获得许多重要发现和新的成果。     

谈高邮龙虬庄陶片的刻划图文

谈高邮龙虬庄陶片的刻划图文饶宗颐１９９３年,上海博物馆黄宣佩先生寄来第３５期的《中国文物报》,刊登是年四月至六月之间高邮市一沟乡龙虬庄遗址发掘的记录,其第一、二阶段文化的年代大致可定为距今５５００年至６５００年。据该报报导：于河边采集得一片磨光泥质黑...     

Re-evaluating the history of the wheat domestication gene NAM-B1 using historical plant material

The development of agriculture is closely associated with the domestication of wheat, one of the earliest crop species. During domestication key genes underlying traits important to Neolithic agriculture were targeted by selection. One gene believed to be such a domestication gene is NAM-B1, affecting both nutritional quality and yield but with opposite effects. A null mutation, first arisen in emmer wheat, decreases the nutritional quality but delays maturity and increases grain size; previously the ancestral allele was believed lost during the domestication of durum and bread wheat by indirect selection for larger grain. By genotyping 63 historical seed samples originating from the 1862 International Exhibition in London, we found that the ancestral allele was present in two spelt wheat and two bread wheat cultivars widely cultivated at the time. This suggests that fixation of the mutated allele of NAM-B1 in bread wheat, if at all, occurred during modern crop improvement rather than during domestication. We also discuss the value of using archaeological and historical plant material to further the understanding of the development of agriculture.     

THE OLIVE IN THE PREHISTORIC AEGEAN: THE EVIDENCE FOR DOMESTICATION IN THE EARLY BRONZE AGE

Summary. In 1972 Colin Renfrew suggested that the rise of Mycenaean civilization may have been made possible by the development of a polycultural triad of wheat, vine and olive in the Early Bronze Age. A careful examination of the botanical and archaeological evidence for the domestication of the olive lends little support to this aspect of the thesis. The palynological evidence from various points in Greece is inconclusive, but for most areas it would seem to suggest that the intensive cultivation of olive began in the Late Bronze Age or even later.
No conclusive archaeological evidence for processing or storage of olive oil exists for any period in the Bronze Age. The question of when olive domestication took place must remain unanswered until more data are available from Early and Middle Bronze Age contexts and more conclusive botanical data have been collected.     

稻作农业起源研究中的植物考古学

早期稻作农业是植物考古学的一个研究热点。本文首先厘清了农业、栽培和驯化等稻作农业发展中的常用术语。进而对区分野生稻与驯化稻,即反映“半驯化”特征的几个指标包括基盘、谷粒尺寸和植硅石分别展开讨论。文章结合我们对现代野生稻和栽培稻的测量数据以及田螺山的工作,引用了国内外诸多考古实例和最新的分子学证据,证据表明上述几个指标在某些程度上多少可以作为性状来判断驯化稻是否已经出现,但是随着农业景观概念的提出,耕地杂草群落作为农田系统研究的证据．为稻作农业出现和发展研究展开了新视野。     

牛的文化控制及其动机

人类在对牛的驯化过程中发展出一套精致的化。新的考古证据表明,中国是继新月沃地之后全球最早驯化牛的地点。驯化的动机在获取肉食资源之外不可忽略宗教方面的原因。     

Early Neolithic pig domestication at Jiahu,Henan Province,China: clues from molar shape analyses using geometric morphometric approaches

The zooarchaeology of pig domestication in China is a challenging task due to its wild boar ancestors being widespread throughout Eurasia. However using geometric morphometric approaches on molar tooth (M₂), shape and size variations, from modern and Neolithic suids, using Yangshao pigs as a surrogate for the Neolithic domestic form, we have addressed the identification of morphological change during the early step of domestication in three early Neolithic sites where claims of pig domestication have been made. Phenetic relationships here have revealed clear and interpretable phenotypic signatures in the samples of modern and Neolithic pigs; which provide evidence for pig domestication at the site of Jiahu from at least 6600 BC cal., re-establishing the Yellow River region as one of the earliest centre of independent Chinese pig domestication.     

Soil fertility and slope processes in the Western Cumberland Escarpment of Kentucky: influences on the development of horticulture in the Eastern Woodlands

The archaeological record of dry rockshelters in the Red River Valley of eastern Kentucky contains botanical remains of several weedy annual seed-bearing plants that point to the independent development of agriculture during the Late Archaic and Early Woodland Period. The objective of this study is to gather quantitative data through the chemical and physical analysis of soils collected within a valley transect to gain insights into landscape processes and soil fertility that may have played a role in the early development of plant domestication and the location of garden plots in relation to rock shelter sites in the upper Cumberland Plateau region of eastern Kentucky. Soils on upland benches formed in limestones have soil fertility values that are comparable to fertile floodplain soils. Upslope outcrops of calcareous bedrock are contributing basic cations to these bench soils. Additionally, in comparison to other landscape positions these upland soils have high levels of organic carbon, available P and greater C:N ratios. Soil morphology, radiocarbon dates, and archaeological evidence indicate that many of the numerous earthflows and debris flows within the region are Early to Middle Holocene in age. These slides were likely generated by Mid-Holocene climatic shifts in which the frequency and intensity of summer precipitation increased across the southeastern United States. These slope failures may have contributed to the development of plant domestication by creating forest canopy gaps and disturbed soils in which weedy plants thrived.     

Was the Dog Locally Domesticated in the Danube Gorges? Morphometric Study of Dog Cranial Remains From Four Mesolithic–Early Neolithic Archaeological Sites by Comparison With Contemporary Wolves

In this article, we test a hypothesis about local dog domestication in the Danube Gorges of the central Balkans in the course of the Mesolithic period. Morphometric features of dog mandibles and teeth from Mesolithic–Early Neolithic sites of Vlasac, Padina, Lepenski Vir, and Hajdučka Vodenica have been analysed and compared with recent wolves from the central Balkans. Decrease in size and changes in proportions of dog's dental features were tracked diachronically. We identified specimens which manifested mixed wolf/dog features. Such specimens originate from the Early Mesolithic contexts, the time when a decrease in size began. On the basis of this pattern, we suggest that dog domestication may have taken place in the Danube Gorges during the Early Mesolithic (ca 9500–7500 cal. bc ). The reduction of size continued throughout Late Mesolithic (ca 7500–6300 cal. bc ), but there were still individuals that might be regarded as ‘transitional’ in comparison with wolves on account of their size, and a distinct difference in size between wolves and dogs did not develop. Accordingly, if local domestication was in progress here, the domestication process might have lasted for more than just few generations and even several millennia. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Environmental Change Since the Woodland Period in the Mid-Ohio Valley: Results from Patton Bog Sediment Core Palynological Analyses

Palynological analyses of sediment cores from Patton Bog in southeastern Ohio recorded environmental changes from ca. 1000 B.C. to the present, representing the first pollen core analyzed from this region. Pollen data show an increase in prairie species, implying periodic expansion of grassland environments during the Woodland period coeval with the initial collection and eventual domestication of Eastern Agricultural Complex seeds. It is suggested that these environmental changes influenced human decisions concerning plant domestication and diet in the mid-Ohio Valley.     

The Uncertain Origins of Mesoamerican Turkey Domestication

The turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is the only domesticated vertebrate to originate from North America. Accurate reconstructions of the timing, location, and process of its domestication are thus critical for understanding the domestication process in the ancient Americas. A substantial amount of recent research has been devoted to understanding turkey domestication in the American Southwest, but comparatively little research has been conducted on the subject in Mesoamerica, despite the fact that all modern domestic turkeys descend from birds originally domesticated in Mexico during pre-colonial times. To address this disparity, we have conducted a review of the available literature on early turkeys in the archaeological record of Mesoamerica. We evaluate the evidence in terms of its accuracy and use this evaluation as a stepping off point for suggesting potential avenues of future research. Although the lack of available data from Mesoamerica currently precludes detailed cross-cultural comparisons, we briefly compare the origins and intensification of turkey rearing in Mesoamerica with the American Southwest to generate more dialogue among researchers independently studying the topic in these two distinct but interconnected cultural regions.     

关于中国稻作起源证据的讨论与商榷

本文是对傅稻镰等人最近的文章批评中国栽培水稻起源研究缺乏证据、提出长江下游水稻栽培开始于公元前4000年这一观点一文的回应。我们首先考察中国从野生稻采集到水稻栽培过程研究的相关文献．进而从水稻形态学和考古学的角度对早期水稻遗存加以研究。讨论集中在以下三个方面：长江流域最早水稻栽培的时间：长江下游和淮河流域初期栽培水稻的遗存;考古遗存所见水稻粒形态大小变化的意义。我们也考察了傅文用来区分野生水稻和栽培水稻的几个标准：考古纪录中所见的未成熟稻遗存、水稻粒的增大和水稻粒的形态。根据已经发表的资料和我们对水稻的研究,我们认为到全新世早期（距今9000年前后）,南北中国的新石器时代居民就可能已经收获野生稻并开始水稻栽培了。