Rodrigo Gil de Hontañón and 16th-Century Building Techniques: The Cimborio Vault of Archbishop Fonseca College Chapel in Salamanca (Spain)

Rodrigo Gil is one of the greatest masters of Spanish architecture. His brilliant career is partially explained by the efficiency of his design methods and his building techniques, especially evident in his ribbed vaults. If we examine the latter as a whole, the first aspect to be noted is undoubtedly their great formal complexity. However, the detailed study discloses that rather limited geometric and building techniques are hidden behind those elaborated patterns, aimed at simplifying and making the execution more economical. In order to bring some of these devices to light, one of his best-known vaults was selected for an in-depth study. The construction of a large-scale model of it also revealed some interesting features regarding the placing of the centerings and shorings during the erection.     

四川省实施天然林资源保护工程和退耕还林工程

1998年夏秋之际 ,长江中上游地区发生了历史上罕见的特大水灾。 8月 2 0日 ,四川省人民政府在全国率先作出重要决定 :从 9月 1日起 ,在阿坝、甘孜、凉山、攀枝花、乐山和雅安三州两地一市 ,实施天然林资源保护工程 ,禁止采伐天然林 ,关闭工程区内木材交易市场。不久又将这一禁伐令扩大到全省范围内。 1 999年 1 0月 ,为了建设长江上游生态屏障 ,四川省政府再次决定两年内在 1 2 0个县 (市 )完成 30 0万亩退耕还林试点任务。以上重要决定的制定和实施 ,对于从根本上扭转本省森林面积下降 ,遏制生态环境恶化 ,促进国民经济的发展和人民生活的改善 ,无疑具有十分重大的生态、经济和社会效益。     

古建筑彩画常用颜料层保护材料的加固性能评估

我国在不同年代、不同区域、不同机构相继开展了古建筑彩画不同的科技修复保护技术,但缺少对科技保护历史沿革比较、科技保护修复效果评价研究,亟需建立科学、客观、符合我国实际的古建筑彩画修复保护评价体系。 本研究为国家文物局重点科研基地自筹经费项目“彩画保护科技历史沿革及效果评价研究”部分研究内容,选取经过至少5年保护效果、且前期资料较完备的全国10处典型古建筑彩画进行详细调研,并根据调研结果,选择其中5种加固材料进行了实验室模拟试验,对颜料层保护材料加固性能进行评价,期望为古建筑彩画的保护材料选择提供可靠的实际案例及实验数据支撑,为文物保护和相关材料评价提供新的参考和启示。     

当代中国史视角下的社会史研究

新时期以来当代中国史研究日益受到学界重视,取得了引人瞩目的研究成果。近几年来,当代中国史研究出现了新的发展态势,越来越多的学者提出了要加强与政治史、经济史、文化史并列的社会史研究,强调以整体视角来拓展与深化当代中国史研究,这既蕴涵着学术演进的内在逻辑支配,又有着与外在的社会现实相契合的时代机遇。在此发展背景下,一些国史学者从宏大叙事转向微观实证,致力于地方、社会层面的微观研究,重视地方史料的发掘与整理,取径民间,以区域或地方为个案进行实证研究,力求在地方史或区域史研究的基础上把握总体史的样态。因此,很有必要从方法论的角度,以社会史为视角检讨当代中国史研究的开拓与进展,从而推动社会史这一新的学科的建设与发展。     

20世纪90年代以前美国环境史研究的特点

在20世纪90年代以前,美国环境史研究具有以下三个特点:就研究范围而言,研究的主要问题都属于自然保护和资源保护的范畴,荒野研究成为美国环境史研究最鲜明的特色,而城市及人工环境则未受到应有的重视。其次,从价值取向上说,环境史研究具有显著的环境保护主义的道德和政治诉求。环境保护主义既使环境史受益,使环境史具有鲜明的文化批判意识,同时,它也限制了环境史的未来发展。最后,环境史研究具有比较明显的时空特点:就时间而言,它研究的主要是近现代;就空间而言,美国环境史优先研究的地域首先是西部,其次是东北部,最后是南部。     

对中国考古类型学研究方法的反思

为了提高中国考古学研究水平,我们既要在考古类型学的宏观和微观研究上下功夫,又要在实践中不断总结和归纳出一些新的理论和方法,使考古类型学不断得到提高和完善。     

“六朝瓦当”研究回顾及对若干问题的探讨

20世纪40年代,六朝瓦当已有零星出土,但直到20世纪90年代,学术界才真正建立起六朝瓦当的学术体系。迄今,六朝瓦当已成为东亚地区多个国家考古学者关注的话题,其造型、类别、年代、特征、技艺、分区、分期、传播、地位等一系列问题得到了广泛的讨论,从而建构了一个跨文化的学术话语体系。总结六朝瓦当的发现和研究过程,有助于推动这...     

花厅墓地研究

根据陶器类型学研究,把花厅墓地分为四期。把拥有玉琮、玉梳背饰、玉项饰的墓作为大型墓,把拥有玉镯、环等装饰品的墓作为中型墓,把只有陶石器等的墓作为小型墓。根据形态分析,把随葬陶器分为大汶口式、良渚式、薛家岗式、大汶口一良渚式和大汶口一薛家岗式五类,把玉器分为良渚式、花厅式和融合式三类。从死者头向、葬猪习俗、随葬品组合等方...     

THE HISTORICAL ROOTS OF A. E. NORDENSKIÖLD’S (1832–1901) CONSERVATIONAL PHILOSOPHY

One of the founding texts within the history of Nordic conservation is ‘Förslag till inrättandet af Riksparker i de nordiska länderna’ (A Proposal for Establishing Nation’s Parks in the Nordic Countries), written by the Finnish-Swedish scientist and explorer Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld (1832–1901) in 1880. It is comparable to influential texts of US environmental history, such as George Catlin’s Illustrations of the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians (1845–1848) and George Perkins Marsh’s Man and Nature (1864). The ideas developed in the essay are expressions of an environmentally literate person. Nordenskiöld perceived destructive developments taking place in the environment and set down proposals to prevent or remedy this undesirable situation. This article will discuss the historical roots of Nordenskiöld’s conservational philosophy, such as the modernization process, patriotic ideas from the Romantic era, and, above all, the influence of US thinkers, most notably George Catlin, who proposed the opening of ‘nation’s Parks […] on the great plains of the West’. The influence of Nordenskiöld on the subsequent conservation movement in Finland and in Sweden will be examined in detail. The first national parks in Europe were established in Sweden in 1909.     

西安南郊隋墓出土青铜壶的保护修复与相关问题探讨

在保存状况调查与评估的基础上,以最大限度揭示相关考古信息为目标,对新出土的一件隋代铜壶进行了保护修复研究。在整个保护修复过程中,涉及到的观察分析与研究方法包括:光学显微观察(OM)、X光探伤(XR)、X-射线荧光(XRF)、扫描电镜能谱分析(SEMEDS)等,由此可以对这件铜壶的材质和制作工艺有所了解。最后对关于出土文物的保护修复原则等相关问题进行了讨论。     

Rationalization and Conservation: Ecology and the Management of Nature in the United Kingdom

Nature conservation in the UK comprises not only a response to the perceived impacts of rationalization on nature but is itself a dimension of that process of rationalization. The paper describes the development of conservation institutions and ideologies in the UK and considers the ways in which ecology (and particularly ideas of nature as equilibrium) have provided the intellectual framework for conservation. Ecology underpinned the establishment of government conservation institutions, provided intellectual strategies for classifying and objectifying nature, and provided the knowledge base for the control and management of nature. The paper discusses the implications of non-equilibrial ideas in ecology for ideas and practice in conservation and the implications of responses to them in the form of re-rationalization.     

The role of the Italian Central Institute of Restoration in the field of underwater archaeology

In 1987, given the importance and complexity of the correct recovery and conservation procedures for underwater archaeological finds, an Underwater Archaeological Operations Unit was set up within the Italian Central Institute for Restoration. This Unit is made up of archaeologists, conservators, biologists and chemists, all of whom are underwater experts. It provides consultancy services and scientific and technical assistance for problems relating to the recovery, conservation, protection, and restoration of underwater archaeological heritage at the request of the Archaeological Superintendents. Great attention is paid to the professional training of underwater conservators. Specialized courses in the conservation of materials of underwater provenance are organized as part of its programme. This paper illustrates some of the main initiatives both in the restoration of archaeological objects and in training, in which the Institute has been involved, since the Underwater Unit was created.     

元“月明沧海”琴的修复

\"月明沧海\"琴为上海博物馆藏品,元至正壬辰(公元1352年)制造。琴额部有两处木质缺洞,木质纤维素腐烂,蛀眼19个,额部其它部位漆颜色暗淡,琴左侧面下方、琴额背面均有缺损。对这件古琴制定修复方案,并开展清洁、处理蛀洞、分析灰胎、加固、补配、批灰、涂漆、打磨、做旧等保护修复工艺流程。结果表明,传统修复工艺与现代科学技术检测的结合,使此件文物的修复工作相当成功。