Research on the Characteristics of Timber Frames of Tingtang in Residences of Ming and Qing Dynasties in Shanghai

ABSTRACT

The majority of research on residential architecture of Shanghai has focused on modern Shikumen. While in Shanghai, there are more than seventy representative residential buildings of Ming and Qing Dynasties, which demonstrate great achievements in technology and art; few efforts have been made on them. Via literature research and on-site investigation, this article contributes to the investigation of timber frames of tingtang of Ming and Qing residences in Shanghai. It studies the characteristics and influential mechanism from three aspects. First, it reviews the history of residences development in Shanghai. Second, it interprets the establishment of the timber frame style. Through-jointed frame in ancient Wu Area was influenced by the space need and the Central Plains’ raised-beam frame. It finally evolved into “zhengtie raised-beam frame + biantie through-jointed frame” style by Xiangshan Bang carpenters. Third, the article discusses the regional characteristics of being material economic and flexible collocation, which reflects the local customs. The study clarifies the importance of social background influence on timber frames of tingtang of Ming and Qing residences in Shanghai. It is one of the series of architectural studies in Jiangnan region, and appeals for more attention to the protection and maintenance of traditional architectures in Shanghai.     

袁黄劝善思想与明清江南地区的慈善事业

明末以来,社会变动剧烈,道德体系紊乱.为了缓和这种情况,地方士绅编纂各种劝善书以教化民众,试图重建社会道德秩序,维持社会的稳定,在善书的形成、发展和流传过程中,明代后期的江南士绅袁黄具有承前启后的作用.作为善举运动的倡导者,袁黄的思想不仅对有清一代善书的编纂、流传发生了重要影响,而且对明末以后江南地区的民间慈善事业起到了思想指导作用.