广西花山岩画颜料及其褪色病害的防治对策

在自然环境因素的长期作用下,花山岩画颜料褪色脱落。为了治理岩画颜料褪色病害,应用偏光显微镜分析、电子探针面分析、X射线衍射分析、红外吸收光谱分析,系统研究了花山岩画的颜料及其粘合剂成分。结果表明,铁红是花山岩画红色颜料中的基本显色成分,但红色颜料中存在朱砂。颜料粘合剂属植物性的,岩画作成后其中的植物性粘合剂在老化分解过程中分泌出有机酸,其中的草酸与立壁岩石中的钙质发生反应,形成一层水草酸钙。依据现状调查与采访结果,提出了岩画颜料褪色病害及其防治对策。     

基于近红外高光谱技术的敦煌莫高窟壁画起甲病害风险评估方法

针对敦煌莫高窟壁画起甲病害的发生发展过程,本实验采取了近红外高光谱技术进行分析和评估。高光谱技术由于其非接触、光谱信息丰富能够无损地应用于壁画的病害检测上。首先通过高光谱成像系统采集不同起甲病害程度下的壁画高光谱图像,提取出壁画从未发生起甲到碎片脱落的病害周期内各个阶段对应的光谱信息,从而建立起甲病害光谱数据库;然后分别使用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)、主成分分析与支持向量机、主成分分析与人工神经网络三种评估模型对此光谱数据库进行训练,并且通过平均误差、决定系数的大小决定评估模型的优劣。实验结果显示PLSR取得了较好的评估结果,同时利用PLSR评估模型中的加权回归系数得到光谱中的重要波段;之后运用PLSR评估模型对未标注风险情况的壁画进行逐像素点的病害风险评估,获得壁画的起甲风险评估图。实验结果显示基于近红外高光谱技术能够对敦煌壁画起甲病害进行风险评估。     

Weathering Effects on the Engineering Properties of Sydney (Yellow Block) Sandstone when used as a Building Material

Sydney (Yellow Block) Sandstone is the primary building material used in many nineteenth century buildings in Sydney, Australia. As a natural material, it is subject to deterioration in the salty environment and in extreme cases will need to be removed and replaced. Two cornice pieces have been removed from State Heritage Registered, the Australian Museum due to evidence of visual decay patterns including surface degradation, slight sanding, granular disintegration, contour scaling and flaking, pitting, discoloration, soiling, alga growth and there are missing parts. Stone samples removed from within these building elements were tested for their engineering properties after over 100 years of natural exposure. It was found that the stone has become weaker, softer, less durable, and has an increased capacity to absorb water. The stone was found to be more susceptible to attack from sodium sulfate ingress as opposed to sodium chloride, which would have contributed to the weathering effects noted on the stone. The degree of exposure experienced by each building element was also found to be a factor in the loss of stone quality.     

龙门石窟张夏组鲕粒灰岩特征及溶蚀试验研究

张夏组碳酸盐岩是龙门石窟主要造窟地层,水岩作用强烈。近年来酸雨进一步加剧了龙门石窟碳酸盐岩的溶蚀。为了对龙门石窟的保护提供相关资料,需进一步探讨鲕粒灰岩的抗风化能力。为此,对东山石窟区所在张夏组分层、取样,进行成分、微观结构分析,并通过室内酸雨溶蚀模拟实验来研究张夏组地层的溶蚀规律。研究表明,龙门石窟张夏组各地层溶蚀差异较大,其单位面积溶蚀质量与钙镁比正相关;鲕粒灰岩风化后表面粗糙度与鲕粒含量密切相关;研究区张夏组鲕粒成分主要为白云石,鲕粒灰岩的抗化学侵蚀能力比普通灰岩更强。通过对张夏组地层岩性的分析及其溶蚀规律的研究,为龙门石窟的保护提供了基础科学资料。     

The geographical distribution of Labour

The small volcanic and limestone islands of the Lesser Antilles, in the eastern Caribbean, have a continuous history of commercial agricultural production which goes back 370 years. During this period, conditions of the environment, both natural (volcanoes, earthquakes, hurricanes, droughts) and human‐induced (deforestation, erosion, land degradation and reduction in the water‐table), have interfered with development in a variety of ways. The paper reviews past and present situations, and considers how growing sectoral imbalances may accentuate the resulting problems.     

明代两件加彩木雕坐像的保护处理——以馆藏明代加彩木雕坐像的保护处理为例

针对深圳博物馆收藏两件明代加彩木雕坐像存在的虫蛀、糟朽、彩绘脱落、开裂、残损等病害,急需进行保护处理的情况。本工作在前期调研和分析检测的基础上,即分别采集了木雕坐像的胎木、加彩层、污染物等样品,利用红外光谱、拉曼、扫描电镜等分析方法对其材质组成、制作工艺及病害进行了综合分析基础上,建立了坐像保护处理工艺步骤:原始档案建立、表面清理、菌虫防治处理、木质朽蚀部位和彩绘层渗透加固、破损及残缺部位修复补全、建立保护修复档案等。选择Primal SF-016作为两件木雕坐像的渗透加固材料,选择无水乙醇作为溶剂,采用较低浓度多次渗透的方法,保证了最佳的加固和防腐防虫效果;修补材料选择聚醋酸乙烯乳液和锯木屑调和补配。处理后的木雕文物器形完整,形态稳定,色泽协调,达到了理想的保护效果。这是对传世彩绘木质文物保护技术的有益探索,对日后同类文物的加固处理有借鉴意义。     

Microdebitage analysis: Initial considerations

Microdebitage is defined as all stone flaking residue less than 1 mm in maximum dimension. Experimental replication indicates that it is produced in great quantities by stone tool manufacture and can permeate site matrices as a permanent signature of past cultural activity. Initial sampling studies suggest that microdebitage analysis may have considerable utility as a means of lithic site surveying.     

Heat treatment of Polish flints

In Poland three types of flint (chocolate, spotted and banded) were intensively mined from the Terminal Palaeolithic to the Early Bronze Age. Although heating of flint to improve its flaking properties was practised across the world from ∼110,000 years ago to the recent, particularly in southwestern Europe, heat treatment of flint in Poland is known from only two sites.     

The Hogeye Clovis cache,Texas: quantifying lithic reduction signatures

The Hogeye Clovis cache is comprised of 52 late-stage bifaces, finished points, and knife/cores cached in central Texas. Because these artifacts were all likely made and cached approximately 13,000 years ago by one or a handful of knappers belonging to a single band with a shared Clovis cultural template, Hogeye provides a rare opportunity to investigate Clovis lithic reduction signatures. This paper builds on previous analyses and presents new methods for quantifying Clovis biface production signatures, including serial flaking and the timing of last overshot flaking. The results show that the Hogeye cache bifaces technologically and morphologically differ from other regional Clovis biface reduction signatures. Additional data is needed to determine whether these differences reflect individual knapping preferences or regional cultural signatures. The methods used and developed here are not Clovis-specific and could be modified and combined with other analytical techniques to identify reduction signatures in biface assemblages from other times and places.     

广西花山岩画颜料脱落和褪色原因分析

花山岩画是研究我国百越民族古代社会历史最重要、最直接的资料,岩画颜料脱落和褪色是岩画的主要病害。任何文物发生病害既与其制作材料和工艺有关,也与其保存环境因素相关。本工作在花山岩画制作材料和工艺分析研究以及区域环境特点分析的基础上,分析并讨论了岩画颜料脱落及褪色发生的原因。结果表明,岩画颜料层病害主要是受物理风化(温差变化、高湿度与光辐射)、化学风化-溶蚀作用和胶结材料老化引起;颜料褪色是由于岩画颜料表面覆盖泥质薄膜和颜料胶结材料老化导致颜料颗粒脱落致使颜料色彩饱和度降低,岩画颜色变淡变暗。     

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STONE ARTEFACT MATERIALS AND THE EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT*

Mechanical testing of lithologies used for stone tool manufacture has shown that fracture toughness is the most objective measure of the quality of raw materials shaped by either flaking or pecking/grinding. Materials amenable to pressure flaking and blade manufacture have low values of fracture toughness, whereas those shaped by pecking/grinding have high values. The fracture toughness test is also the most definitive for quantifying the improvement in flaking properties of materials subjected to intentional heat treatment. Cryptocrystalline and macrocrystalline siliceous lithologies demonstrate a well-defined, gradual reduction in fracture toughness with increased temperature. When heated to optimum temperatures, their fracture toughness approaches that of obsidian, the lithology generally regarded as having the best flaking properties.     

Organic–inorganic rock–fluid interactions in stylolitic micro‐environments of carbonate rocks: a FIB‐TEM study combined with a hydrogeochemical modelling approach

Stylolites and the interfaces to the host limestone have been investigated by means of a multidisciplinary analytical approach (thin section microscopy, FIB‐TEM, organic geochemistry and petrography). Carbonate dissolution assuming different boundary conditions was simulated by applying a generic hydrogeochemical modelling approach. It is the conceptual approach to characterize and quantify traceable organic–inorganic interactions in stylolites dependent on organic matter type and its thermal maturity, and to follow stylolite formation in carbonates as result of organic matter reactivity rather than pressure solution as a main control. The investigated stylolite samples are of Upper Permian (Lopingian, Zechstein), Middle Triassic (Muschelkalk) and Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) age and always contain marine organic matter. The thermal maturity of the organic matter ranges from the pre‐oil generation zone (0.4–0.5% R_r) to the stage of dry gas generation (>1.3% R_r). The results of the generic hydrogeochemical modelling indicate a sharp increase of calcite dissolution and the beginning of stylolite formation at approximately 40°C, which is equivalent to a depth of less than 800 m under hydrostatic conditions considering a geothermal gradient of 30°C and a surface mean temperature of 20°C. This temperature corresponds to the pre‐oil window when kerogens release an aqueous fluid enriched in carbon dioxide and organic acids. This aqueous fluid may change the existing pore water pH or alkalinity and causes dissolution of carbonate, feldspar and quartz, and clay mineral precipitation along the stylolite. Dissolution of limestone and dolostone leads to reprecipitation of calcite or dolomite opposite of the dissolution side, which indicates only localized mass redistribution. All these integrated hydrogeochemical processes are coupled to the generation of water during organic matter maturation. In all of the calculated hydrogeochemical scenarios, H₂O is a reaction product and its formation supports the suggested hypothesis.     

A GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE ANCIENT QUARRIES OF SIDI GHEDAMSY ISLAND (MONASTIR,TUNISIA)

Amongst a large number of ancient quarries scattered along the North African coast, those at Sidi Ghedamsy (Monastir, Tunisia) have supplied building stones of Pliocene age. Two lithofacies have been distinguished in the quarry faces: (i) fine sandy limestone, which has been used in the construction of Roman and Arabic monuments; and (ii) porous and coarse limy sandstone, which is of bad quality for construction. Laboratory analysis results confirm that the exploitation of stone in antiquity was well focused on the levels containing the first type. This is confirmed by geotechnical tests, which show that the fine sandy limestone is harder and less porous than the coarse limy sandstone. Extraction of these stones began in the Roman period. The Romans exploited the quarries using steel tools that permitted the extraction of blocks from several levels. In the eighth century, Arabic quarry workers continued the stone extraction using the same technique, but they produced blocks of small and medium size. Statistical measurements have been done on the quarry faces and on the walls of the Ribat in order to understand the degree of conformity between the dimensions of the extracted blocks and those used for building, and ultimately to attempt to date the quarries and the construction of the Ribat.     

PROVENANCE OF THE LIMESTONE USED IN TEOTIHUACAN (MEXICO): A METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH*

This work shows the preliminary results of an international project for the interdisciplinary study of the limestone used in the plasters of the ancient city of Teotihuacan. The limestone provenance was studied using a new approach based on the chemical analysis of the lime lumps that were selected because they represent the composition of the original limestone rock. The results show that the applied methodology was successful and that the limestone used to produce the lime employed to make the floor of the main courtyard at Teopancazco (Teotihuacan), comes from the region near Tula (Hidalgo).     

Technical microwear and residues in identifying bipolar knapping on an anvil: experimental data

The functional study of the stone tool artefacts from the Middle Pleistocene site of Isernia la Pineta (Molise, central Italy) revealed microtraces that display certain features that did not fit in with what we know as use-wear traces. The suspicion that these microtraces may be technical traces derived from bipolar flaking, which is prevalent at this site, led us to initiate an experimental programme to check our hypothesis. The experiments conducted allowed us to identify residues associated with bipolar flaking on an anvil and to characterise the microscopic traces derived from this production technique. Our results proved very useful in identifying the artefacts produced by bipolar flaking, as well as in determining the basic lithological features of the anvil. Moreover, these experiments allowed us to assess the possible interferences that these kinds of technical traces can cause when performing the functional analyses of lithic assemblages produced by the bipolar technique.     

Salt Effects in Plastered and Unplastered Outdoors Brick Masonry: Quantitative Laser Monitoring of Surface Decay Evolution

In masonry materials, the superficial decay is a widespread problem. Aggressive environmental agents such as moisture and salts trigger the damage by propagating through the material capillary pores. Although several studies have been carried out on salt crystallization and their damaging effects, additional research effort is required to better investigate this phenomenon on real cases and real weathering conditions. To this purpose, testing and monitoring tools capable of following degradation process since the early beginning are necessary. Repeated visual inspections are commonly used to monitor the superficial decay, but this technique is subjective and thus not capable of providing any quantitative information. In this work, an experimental campaign, carried out in Bologna, Italy, is presented. A two-header brick wall, one main face unplastered and one plastered, was stored outdoors and exposed to weathering over two summers. Before the start of the second aging season, moisture and salt capillary rise was simulated by low-concentrated sodium chloride solution (0.1% -wt). The aim was to favor solution evaporation and salt crystallization and to provoke material damage. The degradation process was monitored based on a contactless, rapid and accurate image diagnostic technique. In particular, high-resolution laser scanning by triangulation technique was adopted. Three-dimensional data acquisition was repeated at the end of both seasons. The proposed procedure successfully extracted quantitative information approximately areas of material spalling and detachment even in the initial phases of decay.     

Heat treatment in the South African Middle Stone Age: temperature induced transformations of silcrete and their technological implications

It was recently found that silcrete raw material was heat-treated during the South African Middle Stone Age (MSA) for altering its flaking properties. This finding led to hypotheses about the implications for the MSA hunter-gatherers such as the cost of thermal treatment in terms of investment and firewood. To date, these hypotheses lack a solid basis, for data on the thermal transformations of South African silcrete and, hence, the necessary heating procedure and heating environment, is missing. In order to produce such data, we conducted an experimental study within the framework of the Diepkloof project. This work is based on the petrographic, mineralogical and structural analysis of South African silcrete from the West Coast and its thermal transformations. Our results shed light on the nature of these transformations, the ideal heating temperatures and the tolerated heating speed. The processes occurring in silcrete are comparable to flint, i.e. the loss of chemically bound ‘water’ and the formation of new Si–O–Si bonds, but their intensity is less pronounced. Effective heating temperatures are significantly higher than for flint and the heating speed tolerated by South African silcrete is relatively fast. These findings imply that silcrete heat treatment cannot be directly compared with flint heat treatment. Unlike flint, heating silcrete does not require the setup of a dedicated heating environment and may have been performed in the same time as other fire related activities. This would represent only a minor supplementary investment in time and firewood. These results have broad implications for the discussion about technological evolution and the acquisition of specialised knowledge in the MSA.     

中国边境入境旅游的客流演化态势及其动因分析——新疆内蒙云南三省区的比较研究

边境旅游是在具有特殊区位和文化环境的边境地区开展的旅游活动,是国际旅游的重要形式之一。本文选取2000-2009年中国陆地边境省州市相关统计数据,采用入境旅游市场占有率、旅游资源丰度、旅游开放度、边境贸易比重和距离指数5个重要指标,应用矩阵分析方法,在对我国三个省区边境旅游发展及客流演化态势进行比较的基础上,对边境入境旅游及其影响因素进行深入分析,结果发现:旅游资源丰度、区位条件、经贸发展水平、开放度、可进入性等因素是影响边境旅游规模和类型的主要影响因素,现阶段我国边境省区各州市的边境旅游发展受贸易驱动明显,旅游资源丰度对边境旅游中的观光入境旅游者有较大影响,边境旅游也遵循距离衰减规律。在此基础上提出对我国边境旅游发展的启示,以期为沿边省区发展边境入境旅游提供科学依据和参考。     

试论当前细石器研究中的几个概念问题

本文对细石器、细石器技术和细石器传统等概念问题进行了梳理、分析。作者赞成细石器是由特殊的工艺技术制成的石制品的观点,并将其范围限定在与此种技术相关的石制品之内。细石器技术的本质是一种石片剥离技术,而非是石器的制作技术。细石器传统所指的应是某种细石器技术的延续。     

Decay of Limestone Statues at Mount Nemrut (Adiyaman,Turkey)

Mount Nemrut is a 2,206 m high mountain located in Adiyaman, Turkey. A number of monumental statues, a 50-m high tumulus, and a lion horoscope were constructed at the top of the mountain by King Antiochos I (69–36 bc) of the Commagene Kingdom. The site was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1987 due to its unique character. However, the limestone statues located on both the east and the west terraces of the site are getting deteriorated. This study investigates the weathering of the limestone at Mount Nemrut based on field and laboratory studies. It is found that the dissolution occurs along microcracks developed in the limestone during geological time. It is more pronounced in the east terrace where freezing-thawing cycles are more than the west terrace. Furthermore, dissolution is more effective for the faces of the statues exposed to direct atmospheric contact. Due to harsh atmospheric conditions with dominant wetting-drying and freezing-thawing processes at the site, it is recommended that direct rain and snow contact with the statues should be minimized.