太平洋战争前后英日殖民统治与马来亚独立建国运动

英国在其殖民统治期间对马来亚各个族群实施分而治之的政策。境内的非马来人被视为外来者,马来人被视为原住民而享有各种特殊的权利。太平洋战争爆发后,日本的殖民统治得到当地许多马来民族主义者的支持。日本殖民政府对马来亚社会分而治之的方针,以及亲日的马来民兵和华人领导的抗日军的对抗,激发了战后马来人和华人激烈的族群冲突。华人的积极抗日促进英国制定了马来亚联盟方案,认可华人在马来亚生根发展的权利,但也在战后激发马来人开展"民族大团结运动"。由于战争时期崛起的马来亚共产党在战后发动武装革命,英殖民政府积极扶持右派华人领袖和亲英的马来领袖来组织自治政府,并以宽松的条件开放公民权利于非马来人,以打击马共。此举加速了马来亚的独立进程,促进了一个多族群共治的新国家的诞生。     

英国战后马来亚政策的演变及其影响

英国战后马来亚政策的目的,在于加强和延长在马来亚的殖民统治,为此采取的各种政策,不仅影响着马来亚的独立进程,对独立后马来西亚的族群关系和政治发展也产生了非常深刻的影响。本文将着重探讨战后英国对马政策的目的,研究殖民政府为加强或延长对马殖民统治所采用的多种手法,及其对独立后马来西亚族群关系和政治发展的影响。     

马来西亚华人政策的特点

马来西亚华人政策的特点廖小健一马来西亚是一个以马华印三大民族为主体的多元种族国家。第二次世界大战前,马来亚（包括新加坡）的华侨比当地土著马来人还多。战后新马分离,华族人口仍自始至终占马来西亚总人口的三分之一左右。目前,在马来西亚二千万人总人口中,马来...     

马来西亚、印度尼西亚民族关系比较

马来西亚当地民族和华人的关系比印度尼西亚当地民族和华人的关系和谐得多,其原因主要在于：马来西亚的马来人对华人的偏见不如印度尼西亚当地民族那么强烈;马来西亚的华人政策比较宽松;马来西亚拥有缓冲民族冲突的政治机制;马来西亚的政治、经济局势比印度尼西亚稳定。     

十九世纪的华人私会党与马来亚锡矿业

十九世纪马来亚锡矿业的发展与华人私会党息息相关 ,华人私会党力量的消长决定了锡矿业的起落沉浮 ,二者的历史荣衰与共。本文从十九世纪华人私会党对马来亚锡矿业发展的影响这一角度出发 ,分三个时期 (一、十八世纪末至十九世纪四十年代末 :马来亚锡矿业的初步发展时期 ;二、十九世纪五十年代至八十年代末 :华人私会党垄断锡矿业时期 ;三、十九世纪九十年代至二十世纪十年代 ,华人私会党对锡矿业的影响衰落时期 )阐述了华人私会党与马来亚锡矿业之间的关系 ,探讨了私会党对锡矿业发展带来的利与弊。     

试析马来西亚华人社会与祖籍国关系的演变——以马来西亚华人社团为例

从早期到20世纪50年代中期,马来亚华侨社团与中国之间是联系密切的侨民社团与祖国之间的关系。此后,由于马来亚华侨社会发生了本质性转变,当地华人社团与中国的关系转变为外国公民社团与祖籍国之间的关系。期间,由于种种因素,双方的关系经历了曲折发展。中马建交,特别是20世纪80年代后,马来西亚华人社团与中国的联系日益密切起来,双方的关系进入良性发展轨道。本文概述各个历史时期马来西亚华人社团与中国关系的发展演变,探讨两者关系发生变化的原因以及影响。作者认为,马来西亚华人社团与中国的良好关系对华人社会和中国而言都是积极的因素,双方日益密切的联系,加强了当地华人社会与中国,乃至马来西亚与中国之间的良好关系。     

华人移民与马来西亚的政治发展

华人移民是马来西亚政治发展的一个决定性因素。这里所谓的政治发展主要是指公共资源的分配从不合理状况向相对合理状况的变化。马来西亚原是英国的殖民地,其公共资源的分配权长期由英国殖民统治者把持。马来西亚政治发展的第一步就是推翻英国殖民统治,建立独立的国家。马来西亚独立后,在制度上给予了马来人许多特权,而华人等非土著居民则处于二等公民的地位,在公共资源的分配上明显呈现一种不合理的状况,因此,马来西亚政治发展的第二步是通过具体的权力分配制度,尽可能维护和扩展华人等非土著居民的利益。第三步则是打破种族界限,使资源的分配以个人、群体的能力和奋斗的结果为依据。其中,华人移民或以武装斗争,或以自己族群组织的偶然选择,或以自己经济利益上的牺牲,对马来西亚的政治发展做出了重要贡献。     

“从华侨、华人到马来亚人:梁宇皋认同转变的生命历程”讲座综述

正2014年6月3日,由中国华侨历史学会、中国华侨华人历史研究所主办的"中国侨联华侨华人研究系列讲座"第三场举行。马来西亚拉曼大学中华研究院中文系主任陈中和博士做了题为"从华侨、华人到马来亚人:梁宇皋认同转变的生命历程"的学术讲座。讲座由中国华侨历史学会副会长、中国华侨华人历史研究所所长张春旺主持。陈中和博士在讲座中指出,人类的历史是一个不断迁移与生根的历史,这些离散的华人对世     

潜入原马来亚敌后的盟军136兵团

<正>1941年12月8日,日军悍然发动太平洋战争,马来亚(马来西亚西部土地的旧称,简称"西马")战场的英军一触即溃,仅两个多月,包括新加坡在内的原马来亚全境均沦入敌手。居住在这     

马来西亚华人女性权力参与试析

马来西亚女性权力参与程度一直较低,华人女性权力参与程度更低。随着1999年以来马来西亚的民主转型,华人女性政治参与日趋活跃,女性权力参与水平也有所提高。论文分析了马来西亚华人女性权力参与的演变过程、特点和影响因素。认为民主化扩大了华人妇女的政治参与空间,加强了她们权力参与的能力,出现不少引人注目的女政治家。马来西亚华人女性权力参与具有滞后性、边缘性、依附性等特点,深受马来西亚威权政治、种族政治、政党政治和性别观念的影响和制约。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.