国内旅游产业集群研究的争议评述

目前国内外关于制造业产业集群的研究成果十分丰富,但旅游产业集群的理论研究才刚刚起步,研究视角和方法基本沿用制造业集群的方法,没有专门论述旅游产业集群的特点.国内学者在旅游产业集群的研究中出现了"旅游产业是否适合用产业集群来研究"的讨论.本文在综合评述了各方观点后,认为产业集群理论是一种指导区域提升竞争力、促进创新的理论方法,可以应用于区域旅游业的研究,但是对旅游产业集群的研究必须站在旅游目的地发展的角度,跳出单一旅游产业链的束缚,深入探讨旅游业的自身特征,才能更好的把握旅游产业集群形成和发展的途径.     

珠海旅游产业集群的案例研究

在对旅游产业集群理论简要综述的基础上,文章以珠海市为案例,实地调研和深入访谈分析珠海旅游产业集群各要素之间的关系,并构建了珠海旅游产业集群的构成要素示意图,最后利用"钻石模型"评估珠海旅游集群的发展现状。文章充实了国内关于旅游产业集群的实证研究,指出珠海旅游产业集群已经初步形成,并且是一种政府主导型发展模式,但集群要素间进一步的知识和信息联系较少,创新性不足,珠海旅游产业集群属于低端集群,其进一步的完善和升级还需要继续发挥政府的支持和推动作用。     

旅游产业集群企业共享性资源及其动态演化机制分析

近年来,围绕旅游产业集群的形成、发展以及集群风险规避等方面的研究层出不穷。然而,一些“就集群而论集群”的研究由于忽视了旅游集群企业这一构成旅游产业集群的微观基础,因而无法切实有效地指导实践操作。基于此种现实,本文在吸收基于资源观及其理论研究成果的基础上,通过对旅游产业集群企业共享性资源与其来源之间的互动和转换关系的讨论,提出旅游产业集群企业共享性资源的划分维度、动态演化过程、动态演化的动力及运行机制等问题,展开对旅游产业集群共享性资源动态演化机制的研究。     

旅游产业集群的生态位策略研究

生态位概念最早源于生态学,近年来其在社会与经济学科领域的应用越来越广泛,也为研究旅游产业集群的竞争策略提供了一个新思路。利用生态位理论研究如何使我国旅游产业集群选择正确的生态位策略,明确其核心竞争力,摆脱发展困境具有重要的现实意义。本研究首先对生态位的相关研究进行了综述,认为产业集群生态位是其在区域生态系统中利用自身条件占有区域资源的空间;并结合旅游产业集群的特点,提出了旅游产业集群生态位的概念和特点。旅游产业集群的生态位包括旅游资源生态位、集群管理生态位、集群环境生态位三个方面,其中旅游资源生态位是旅游产业集群生态位的基础,集群管理生态位是旅游产业集群生态位发展的动力,集群环境生态位是旅游产业集群生态位发展的支撑条件。然后分析了旅游产业集群生态位的变迁特征,提出旅游产业集群生态位并不是一成不变的,旅游资源本身的条件、集群管理状况、区域社会条件、其他集群的竞争等都会导致旅游产业集群生态位的扩充或压缩。最后针对我国旅游产业集群的发展,基于生态位理论提出生态位的泛化、特化与优化三种策略。     

旅游产业集群:旅游地理学研究的微观领域

产业集群是近年来经济学、地理学、管理学、社会学等学科共同关注的热点问题,旅游产业集群的研究也开始引起重视。旅游地理学开展旅游产业集群的研究一方面有助于从经济和地理的角度对旅游产业集群集聚机制和空间机理的阐释,另一方面也将弥补旅游地理学对于旅游经济微观主体-旅游企业间联系与空间关系的不足,为旅游地理学研究拓展微观研究领域。本文分析了目前国内外学术界和实践领域对于旅游产业集群的论证以及对旅游产业集群概念的阐释和旅游产业集群理论的研究,提出了旅游地理学对旅游产业集群研究的必要性,认为旅游地理学研究旅游产业集群具有综合性、空间性和应用性等学科优势,最后指出旅游地理学研究产业集群主要应从旅游产业集群的形成机理分析、旅游产业集群内企业的竞合关系与创新机制、旅游产业集群的空间结构和布局以及旅游产业集群与区域经济的关系等方面入手,并应通过大量案例支撑理论研究。     

国内外关于旅游产业集群的研究综述

国内外关于旅游产业集群的研究和实践逐渐增多,国外关于旅游产业集群的含义有三种不同的观点;而研究内容主要包括旅游产业集群的形成条件和竞争优势,集群中就业和劳动力分配,旅游产业集群中的企业网络和社会资本,旅游产业集群内企业的竞争和合作等;研究方法上注重多学科、多角度研究,实证研究和案例分析较多,但定量研究较为缺乏。国内对于旅游产业集群的研究刚刚起步,研究内容主要包括旅游产业集群的界定、形成条件和集聚机制,旅游产业集群的结构、类型和竞争优势等,着重于集群理论在旅游研究中的应用和旅游产业集群理论的构建,还未形成鲜明的学科研究特色和方法,案例研究极为缺乏;本文在分析了国内外旅游产业集群研究状况后,指出了我国未来旅游产业集群研究应重点关注旅游产业集群形成机制和演变规律、旅游产业集群的本地联系和外部联系、旅游产业集群的空间结构和布局以及政府在旅游产业集群发展和治理中的作用等方面的内容。     

格尔木盐湖化工产业集群发展研究

产业集群的发展壮大是提升城市竞争力的最有效途径。本文对格尔木盐湖化工产业集群的发展阶段进行了初步判断,在此基础上,分析了格尔木盐湖化工产业集群的发展状况,提出了加快发展产业集群的具体对策建议。     

基于集群创导的关中城镇化发展探讨

当前,我国中西部较落后地区城镇化发展的关键问题是城镇非农产业特别是工业增长缓慢,城镇化发展的产业支持薄弱,缺乏对农村富余劳动力的吸引,因而导致了城镇化低质推进现象。有鉴于此,本文以陕西关中地区为例,借鉴国外集群创导和沿海地区产业集群推动城镇化发展的经验,通过对产业集群与城镇化之间互动关系和关中地区实施集群创导的条件和优势进行分析,提出了以集群创导推动产业集群发展,以产业集群发展推动区域工业化和城镇化健康快速发展的陕西关中地区城镇化发展思路。     

增长极理论的困境与产业集群战略的重新审视

随着福特制生产方式逐渐式微、"新区域主义"的兴起,联合国工业发展组织(UNIDO)所倡导的区域发展模式从20世纪60、70年代的增长极战略转向90年代以来的产业集群策略。纵观增长极理论的实践绩效,几乎乏善可陈,可是其在区域发展领域的思想影响却挥之不去,在区域和城市规划中仍被普遍搬用。本文从"新区域主义"的典型代表思想--产业集群理论视角,对存在和影响了近半个世纪的增长极理论进行反思。从集群策略实施的必要条件、普遍适用性、区域效应等方面对集群理论进行了思考,并指出实施集群策略应该汲取的教训。     

产业集群与城镇化互动关系研究

以克鲁格曼为首的新经济地理学派的空间发展论断,间接奠定了“产城互促,产城融合”的思想基础.产业集群作为一种具有地缘特征的产业组织形式,具有规模经济、范围经济以及强大的溢出效应,是城镇化的前提和基础.城镇化为产业集群发展提供了空间地理载体,是产业集群发展的有力支撑.基于国内外学者对产业集群与城镇化之间互相促进、协同发展的...     

农区产业集群、网络与中部崛起

我国中部六省地区由于多种原因在全国区域经济格局中已经成为了"经济增长速度的相对塌陷地区",实施"中部崛起"战略是学术界、中央和地方政府达成的共识。本文在分析中部地区存在问题的基础上提出,实施产业集群战略、创建本地企业网络是实现中部崛起的有效途径。发展农区产业集群可以提高集群企业和区域产业的竞争力,推动农村工业化和城镇化进程,促进县域经济的发展。而企业之间的网络联系是产业集群的本质特征,培育产业集群必须从创建企业网络入手。最后,本文对如何在中部农区培育产业集群、创建企业网络作了探讨。     

全球视野下的价值链治理研究

在全球化背景下,以地方产业集群为发展模式的区域经济,其竞争力的提升需要在全球价值链中与区域外的经济行为主体积极互动,并实现升级。而价值链治理分析是经济地理学理论研究地方产业集群升级的关键。在这种研究视角下,本文以价值链治理为研究对象,首先界定了价值链治理的概念;并从理论上讨论了全球价值链治理模式的主要类型和演化过程;然后,进一步分析了价值链治理产生的原因、价值链治理的应用,以及价值链治理对地方产业网络升级的影响;最后,本文对国际现有的价值链治理理论进行了比较深入的讨论,并提出进一步研究的展望。     

西方集群和集群政策的研究及其对中国的借鉴意义

自上个世纪90年代末以来,国内学者和政策决策者对集群的集群政策表现出日益浓厚的兴趣。由于现行的集群理论源自西方工业化国家,作为发展中的中国能否和如何吸收运用这些西方理论和研究经验成为讨论的焦点之一。本文的目的是通过探讨西方集群研究和集群政策的理论基础,以期能带给中国的相关研究一些有益的启示。本文首先对波特和经合组织两学派的集群概念的起源、发展和着重点进行了回顾。然后分析了集群起源和发展的条件、生命周期、发展机制、空间维度、类型等西方集群研究的要素,阐述了西方工业国家的集群政策概念及相关评判。相对于发达国家丰富的关于技术创新区域的研究而言,针对发展中国家创新系统和集群的理论性及经验性研究则要少得多。所以发展中国家的集群研究及集群政策需要更合适自身实际情况的理论。最后笔者以集群理论和中国实际情况为例,通过问题的分析、理论的分析和理论的调整三步骤说明新理论发展的可能途径。     

Enterprise Clusters and Industrial Districts in Colombia's Fashion Sector†

This paper presents the theory of enterprise clusters and industrial districts, and contrasts it with the evidence of two productive agglomerations in the fashion sector in Colombia. The empirical evidence on Bucaramanga and Medellín, that host the largest groups of Colombian textile and clothing producers and exporters, is based on a survey questionnaire, carried out in November–December 1998. The results of the survey confirm the relevance of the Industrial district concept in understanding the recent developments of Colombia's textile and garments industry, and reveal the presence of some dimensions of an enterprise cluster in both Medellín and Bucaramanga, although each with different characteristics. However, both Colombian clusters are characterized by a low degree of firm–level specialization and poorly–developed enterprise networks. This is similar to what has been observed in most enterprise clusters in Latin America, and may clearly hinder the local external economies and collective efficiency. Backward linkages are poor or lacking in both clusters. The strategy prevailing in most enterprises has been the internalization of many stages of the productive process. Forward linkages are much stronger, and the retailers play a crucial role in the commercial phases. However, only Bucaramanga firms have entered global production and marketing networks, whereas Medellín firms are mainly oriented to the national market. Moreover, the two clusters have developed under very different economic policy regimes, and this had had its consequences on the clusters' performance and structure.     

An assessment of the technology level and knowledge intensity of regions in Turkey

The paper investigates the patterns of technology and knowledge of the regions. The first aim of the paper is to determine cluster templates at the national level. The second aim of the paper is to investigate the technology and knowledge composition of the regional highpoint clusters. The paper identifies patterns of industrial linkages to define cluster templates and regional highpoints. The second part uncovers regional distributions of technology and knowledge. The data comes from Turkey’s 2012 input–output table. The location quotients use industrial employment statistics from the Turkish Statistical Institute. The technological and knowledge intensity classification follows Eurostat. The findings reveal 10 cluster templates in Turkey. Spatial distribution of the highpoint clusters reveals that most regions contain highpoint clusters with low technology and low knowledge-intensive sectors. The results reveal that highpoint clusters in Turkey’s regions contain industries whose technologies do not demand high skills, knowledge and sophistication. Limited existence of high-tech industries and low knowledge intensity in Turkey’s industry composition is a limiting factor for transition to high value-added manufacturing. Special emphasis should be directed towards constructing regional advantage, given the current levels of technology and knowledge intensity.     

Increasing Role of Services in Competitive Power and Innovativeness of Firms and Industrial Clusters

The aim of this paper is to discuss the importance of different types of global services for industrial firms and clusters in terms of their economic competitiveness and innovative performance. The theoretical debates argue that globalization, deregulation and the new production organization make it necessary to use global services that are supplied easily with the help of new telecommunication technologies. The existing empirical studies provide some supporting evidence. However, they also indicate that global service firms can be attained by only smaller numbers of industrial firms and clusters. Still, in-house services besides temporal and informal mechanisms are important to meet the needs of the specialized services, even for the firms that try to become a part of the global production system. The paper focuses on three main questions: “What types of global services are becoming crucial for manufacturing firms and what type of services are still local and national? Is there a significant difference between the characteristics of firms that use the same type of services? To what extent is having access to global services important for the innovativeness of industrial firms and clusters? This paper looks for the answers to these questions based on existing case studies as well as this study of three industrial clusters in Turkey. The findings indicate that there is not a perfect match between theory and empirical evidence and there is a need for more refined theoretical discourses on industry–service relations.     

Labour Relations and the Transfer of Knowledge in Industrial Clusters: Why do Skilled Workers Share Knowledge with Colleagues in Other Firms?

Industrial clusters are held to offer competitive advantages to firms that accrue from the transfer of tacit knowledge between skilled workers co-located in spatially bound regions. This paper argues that informal knowledge transfers between skilled employees working in spatially bounded industrial clusters might have an association with the labour relationship between employers and employees. In the literature on industrial clusters general knowledge is readily traded through codified texts and collegial networks but high value, tacit knowledge transfers occur less frequently but are critical to the success of firms located in clusters. Tacit knowledge transfers are held to occur when workers move to other firms because of firm death or poaching but less frequently through contacts between colleagues from other firms. Industrial clusters are said to offer labour market advantages for skilled workers in the form of ample job opportunities and rising wages, which engender firm loyalty and discourage the transfer of tacit knowledge of competitive value to other firms. However, the limited empirical evidence available on actual working conditions for skilled workers in regional industrial clusters indicates that this argument is contestable. Some evidence suggests that there are limited wage premiums accruing to the industrial districts, a limited role for geographic proximity, and weak localised returns on seniority and education. We argue that in such circumstances high value knowledge between workers in different firms might be traded as an act of epistemic solidarity or sociability that disregards the interests of employer organisations. Such actions might vary by region and country in relation to the prevailing system of labour relations. Australian labour relations are offered as a case in point.     

老工业基地振兴战略下城市开发区功能定位研究--以葫芦岛经济技术开发区为例

论文以葫芦岛经济技术开发区为例,重点对开发区的功能定位进行了研究。提出要以临港经济和临海产业为突破口,加速推动再工业化,将开发区打造成为以造船、冶金、医药化工为主,兼顾休闲旅游渡假的生态型工业开发园区和港口工业综合体。     

Global Value Chains,Industrial Policy and Economic Upgrading in Ethiopia's Apparel Sector

This article examines whether low-income countries can still benefit from participating in manufacturing global value chains (GVCs) in terms of broader industrial development in a global context of greater competition and higher requirements. It contends that developing internationally competitive local firms and domestic linkages, in addition to upgrading, is crucial for participation in GVCs to drive industrialization. The study focuses on Ethiopia's recent experience with developing an apparel export industry through strategic industrial policy. Based on original empirical data collected through firm-level surveys and interviews with government officials, industry experts and buyers, the article analyses the upgrading and localization trajectories of foreign and local apparel-exporting firms. It argues that value-capture benefits in assembly positions in apparel GVCs have become more difficult. The potential for localization benefits depends on the type of global buyers and foreign producers and their levels of embeddedness, but whether this potential is realized also depends on local firm characteristics and related industrial policy. Ethiopia's industrial policy has been relatively successful regarding national economy linkages, but less successful in developing competitive local export firms due to a weak local manufacturing tradition combined with a global context that has led to a supplier squeeze.     

环渤海地区制造业地理集聚研究

运用区位商指数和基尼系数对环渤海地区两位数制造业20个行业1993-2007年的集聚水平进行测度。结果表明:10余年来环渤海地区20个主要制造业行业的地理集中程度在不断提高,绝大部分行业呈集聚加强趋势;制造业结构具有一定的相似性,各省(市)地方专业化产业趋同,比较优势和集聚经济没有起到应有的作用;环渤海地区工业化进程呈梯度分布,北京、天津已处于工业化的后期阶段,资本和技术密集型产业向内转移,河北、山东、辽宁仍处于工业化的中期阶段,劳动密集型行业具有较强的比较优势。