《科尔沁沙漠化的考古学研究》序言

<正> 沙漠化是人类面临的最严重的自然灾害之一。有关沙漠化的研究,在全世界都受到高度的重视。关于沙漠化(Desertifjcation)的定义,目前世界上的科学家尚有不同的解释,缺乏一致性的意     

为了失去的绿洲——《河西走廊历史时期沙漠化研究》评介

21世纪的今天, 人类正面临着日益恶化的生态环境问题, 沙漠化所造成的环境恶化和经济贫困成为最可关注的问题之一。“沙漠化过程, 以及导致沙漠化的原因,是历史地理学所应该研究的重要课题。其目的就是为了防止沙漠化继续发展, 提供科学的依据。” (《侯仁之文集》, 北京大学出版社) 沙漠历史地理学是我国资深院士侯仁之先生奠基开创的一门新兴学科, 是我国的特色学科。侯仁之 (《居延和阳关地区沙漠化的初步考察》)、朱震达、刘恕等 (《内蒙西部古居延—黑城地区历史时期环境的变化与沙漠化过程》) 学者在此方面取得不少成果。李并成先…     

塔里木盆地达玛沟下游古绿洲沙漠化考

新疆塔里木盆地策勒县达玛沟下游古绿洲为一片典型的历史时期形成的沙漠化区域,总面积约660平方千米。古绿洲上散落着胡杨墩佛寺遗址、托普鲁克墩佛寺遗址、大墓地、胡杨墓地、喀拉沁古城、斯皮尔古城等众多古代遗迹。喀拉沁古城为唐代所设的坎城守捉(坎城镇、绀州),也即媲摩城(phema)。唐代喀拉沁古城商贸发达、人丁兴旺、佛教兴盛,公元790年以后荒弃。斯皮尔古城原为汉代西域渠勒国王城鞬都城,约魏晋后期荒弃。文中对于达玛沟下游古绿洲上的佛寺和城址的废弃,以及古绿洲沙漠化过程前后经历的两个阶段和沙漠化的原因,进行了剖析。     

青海湖会成为第二个罗布泊吗

被人们誉为青藏高原蓝宝石的青海湖,由于长期受干暖气候和人类经济活动等的影响,目前正面临着越来越严重的沙漠化威胁。     

元代至民国时期科尔沁沙地的变迁

土地的沙漠化这一地理现象,反映着土地物质生产能力的衰退和生态环境的恶性循环。我国北方沙漠化面积已达149万平方公里,为国土面积的15.5%以上。它严重的影响着4000多万人民的生产和生活,影响着国民经济的发展。所以,进行土地沙漠化和沙地变迁的研究对于沙化土地的治理,进而对国计民生都有着重要的意义。科尔沁沙地主要分布在西辽河及其干支下游沿岸的冲积平原上。行政区划包括内蒙古哲里木盟、赤峰市和吉林省西部及辽宁省北部地区,总面积约4.23万平方公里。科尔沁为清代蒙古部落的名称,其分布的地域与今天内蒙古东部和吉林省西部地区的沙丘地带大体重合,所以在地貌学上称这一地区为科尔沁沙地。本文试图通过文献记载和考古材料探讨科尔沁沙地在元代以后的变迁,旨在对科尔沁沙地的综合性治理与开发利用提供一些参考。不当之处,敬请方家指正。     

锁阳城遗址及其周围古垦区沙漠化过程考

锁阳城遗址位于甘肃省瓜州县桥子乡南8公里处,为河西走廊一处颇有名声的古代城址,曾有不少考古、历史等学科工作者对其做过工作。这一城址周围的古绿洲垦区又是我国干旱地区历史时期沙漠化过程的典型区域之一,对其环境变迁的研究遂又为地理学工作者所重视。笔者近年曾多次前往瓜州县进行历史地理考察,现就调查结果并对照文献和考古资料,在前人工作的基础上对锁阳城遗址亦作一考证,并对其周围古垦区沙漠化过程予以初步探讨。     

六胡州古城址的发现及其环境意义

本文在追溯唐代六胡州的建置与“灵、夏之间”行政沿革的基础上,通过对内蒙古、宁夏、陕西三省区交界处,即毛乌素沙地西南缘的实地考察,并依据考古与文献资料,初步确定了今鄂托克前旗与盐池县境内的六个唐代古城址与六胡州的对应关系。从古城址的时空分布格局、选址条件、人类活动方式等出发,阐述了六胡州古城址的环境指示意义。唐初六胡州北部已经有比较严重的土地沙漠化问题,而六胡州一带建城时因受早期沙漠化过程的影响,在局部地形部位可能分布有地表积沙。     

保卫与破坏——明代“烧荒”小议

作为一种御敌措施,烧荒在明代被长期执行,焚烧野草林木在断绝敌方草料物资的同时,也在破坏着自然环境,沿长城一带的边塞地区在持续的烧荒之后沙漠化日益严重,保卫与破坏成为明代烧荒政策的双刃剑。     

中国北方沙漠化与人类社会课题组考察内蒙西部沙漠

<正> 中国北方沙漠化与人类社会课题组(简称沙漠考古课题组)于今年五六月间对内蒙西部吉兰泰盐池附近的乌兰布和沙漠和额济纳旗境内的戈壁沙漠(属巴丹吉林沙漠的西部)进行了近40天的考察,得到了一些重要收     

塔里木盆地水资源利用与生态平衡及土地沙漠化

在气候极端干旱的塔里木盆地 ,人类开发利用水资源 ,使水资源消耗由以自然生态为主转向以人工绿洲生态为主 ,从而使生态环境发生相应变化 ,这种变化的基本规律是 :沙漠化与绿洲化并存 ,互有消长 ,“人进沙退”和“沙进人退”皆有 ,但以沙进人退为主。上游灌区引水增加 ,人工绿洲由原先多分布在河流下游三角洲向山前平原推进 ,面积不断扩大 ,使这里生态环境改善。河流中、下游由于水量减少 ,古代绿洲衰亡 ,天然植被退化 ,沙漠化扩大 ,使生态环境不断恶化。而处于沙漠和绿洲之间由林地、草地和自然水域构成的过渡带不断缩小 ,防护功能不断减弱 ,形成了沙漠危逼绿洲的严峻态势。     

BOSERUP BACKWARDS? AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION AS ‘ITS OWN DRIVING FORCE’ IN THE MBULU HIGHLANDS,TANZANIA

Why do farmers intensify their agricultural practices? Recent revisions of African environmental historiographies have greatly enriched our understanding of human–environmental interactions. To simply point at poor farming practices as the main cause of deforestation, desertification and other processes of land degradation is, for example, no longer possible. The contemporary analytical focus is instead on the complex and often unpredictable set of causal relations between societal, ecological and climatic factors. In the literature on agricultural intensification, conventionally defined driving forces, such as population pressure and market demand, remain important explanatory factors despite a growing body of research that suggests more dynamic scenarios of agricultural development and landscape change. This article reports on a case where the common‐sense logic of population pressure theory has dominated the historical narrative of a local process of agricultural intensification among an agro‐pastoral people in north‐central Tanzania. By way of a ‘detailed participatory landscape analyses’ a more complex and dynamic historical process of intensification is suggested, in which the landscape and the process of agricultural intensification itself are in focus. It is concluded that the accumulation of landesque capital has been incremental in character, and that the process of agricultural intensification in the study area has largely been its own driving force based on self‐reinforcing processes of change, and not a consequence of land scarcity and population pressure. This result demonstrates the possibility and usefulness of reversing the Bose‐rupian argument in analyses of agricultural intensification.     

干旱区流域下游绿洲环境变化及其成因分析——以甘肃省河西地区石羊河流域下游民勤县为例

本文主要根据社会调查结果资料分析了甘肃省河西地区石羊河流域下游民勤县的环境变化趋势及其成因,认为中国西部干旱区各流域下游几乎都存在环境恶化趋势。20世纪50年代以来,该地区地下水位迅速下降,沙漠化、土壤盐渍化、植被衰退过程加快,农业生产受到很大影响。造成环境变化的人文原因主要是全流域人口增长过快所引致的耕地扩张所造成的农业用水需求无节制的增长,导致中上游截留下游淡水资源,使得下游地下水利用规模逐年扩张引致地下水位快速下降和水质迅速恶化。后者又导致盐渍化过程加剧以及农业产量的急剧下降。农业产量下降又成为盲目开垦荒地的主导因素之一。这些都导致了植被衰退和破坏,共同造成了生态环境的灾难性突变。     

历史时期内蒙古LUCC时空过程及其驱动机制

本文的研究中,在内蒙古地区地质学、古地理学和环境演变方面已有研究成果以及考古与历史文献资料的基础上,修复和描述了内蒙古陆地形成以来的地质历史时期和人类历史时期内蒙古土地利用/覆盖时空演变过程,并探索其驱动机制与因素,从而为正确把握内蒙古地区近现代土地利用/覆盖变化时空轨迹提供科学依据。古代相当长的历史时期,内蒙古地区基本上被游牧民族所占据,达到了一种古代的可持续发展。清代中期以后,特别是进入20世纪以来,随着几次大规模的移民拓荒高潮,耕地面积急速扩展而草场面积日益退缩,内蒙古草原生态环境遭遇空前的破坏,沙漠化和草原退化急速加快,土地利用变化和土地利用方式成为了土地覆盖变化的最主要驱动因子。土地利用变化(开垦草原、毁林开荒)的驱动因子主要有人口因素、经济利益和政府决策等三个方面,而且每一次大规模开荒时期三者往往相辅相成,促成新一轮的开荒高潮。     

OBJECTS OF HISTORY: THE PAST MATERIALIZED1

What is the role of material culture in understanding the past? This review essay explores two principal approaches—the history of museums and antiquities and environmental history—to reflect on their shared investment in historical materialism. It reviews Timothy LeCain's The Matter of History and Peter Miller's History and Its Objects, discussing their perspectives on objects and the writing of history. One important part of this history concerns the relationship of academic historians to the idea of a history museum, curatorial practices, and public history. What kinds of history can we do in a museum, with things, that might not occur without the presence of objects? Why were nineteenth- and early twentieth-century efforts to encourage a close relationship between historical research and the history museum largely abandoned in favor of a document-driven approach? The second dimension of current interest in historical materialism concerns new approaches to environmental history. It draws inspiration from Deep History as well as recent work in archaeology and STS (Science and Technology Studies) to argue for a more integrated history of humans and nature that demonstrates how things have made us. The history of successive efforts to remake the environment in different parts of the world and their consequences offers crucial object lessons in how humans have responded to nature's own creativity. Both approaches to historical materialism highlight the virtues of a more interdisciplinary approach to historical scholarship, in the museum or in the field, but most important, in our own sensibilities about what it means to think historically with artifacts and to treat them as compelling evidence of a shared history of humanity and nature.     

LOS ANGELES AFTER THE STORM: THE DIALECTIC OF ORDINARY DISASTER

This article weighs recent scientific evidence that the urbanization of Southern California has taken place during one of the most unusual episodes of climatic and seismic benignity in the last 3500 years. Official disaster and resource planning, moreover, has been based on record-keeping shorter than the temporal wavelengths of the most important landscape processes. Indeed, the “biblical” flood, fire, and earthquake disasters of the last three years may only be a prelude to seismic and climatic events of far greater magnitude. What will be the future of the Los Angeles area if Congress refuses to continue federal disaster subsidies?     

历史时期塔里木盆地南缘交通线路变迁与环境的关系

通过对古遗址、古交通线路的多年考察以及沉积剖面分析,结合历史文献和考古资料,探讨了塔里木盆地南缘汉代以来在自然与人文环境影响下交通线路变迁的特点。历史上,在汉、唐两个最为兴盛的时期,气候湿润,国家统一,中央政府统辖西域军政事物。自然与人文环境有利于发展。塔里木盆地南缘各绿洲经济发达,社会稳定,交通往来频繁,线路稳定、通畅。在此两个时期之后的阶段,自然环境干燥少雨,中央政府衰败,难以顾及和控制西域,地方政权相互角逐争斗。绿洲受多种因素影响迁移、废弃或消失过程中,交通线路变迁快。空间上,东西向的交通线路在和田河与克里雅河之间向南移动了200km左右;克里雅河与车尔臣河之间向南移动了100km左右;和田河以西移动了10-50km;而车尔臣河以东变化不大。南北向的交通线路中,沿和田河的交通线路自古以来一直有人通行,而沿克里雅河的路古代也曾是连接盆地南北的主要通道。     

在海陆复合生态系统理论框架下:浅谈人地关系系统中海洋功能的介入

随着社会生产力的提高,人类认识和干预自然的能力逐渐增强,人地关系也随之向广度和深度发展。在人地关系发展初期,人与陆地之间的相互作用强度远大于人与海洋之间的相互作用,而人地关系发展至今天,"地"的概念已经扩展到陆地和海洋的总体。本文首先阐述海陆复合生态系统理论,在此基础上分析海洋功能介入到原本主要以陆地为基地的人地关系系统中的机制问题。文章认为,海陆生态系统的进化、系统开放性所决定的物质能量和信息的交流以及人类需求的拉动都可能解释海洋功能对人地关系系统的介入。     

我国特大城市地域扩展与用地效益的初步研究

本文利用历史资料和相关分析的方法研究了我国130万人口以上特大城市的地域扩展特点,并对100万人口以上的34座特大城市的用地效益进行了分析,提出了我国大城市土地合理利用的方向。     

THE CRITICAL THEORY OF HISTORY: RETHINKING THE PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY IN THE LIGHT OF KOSELLECK'S WORK

There are many ways to consider the philosophy of history. In this article, I claim that one of the most viable approaches to the philosophy of history today is that of critical theory of history, inspired by Reinhart Koselleck. Critical theory of history is based on what I call known history, history as it has been established and expounded by historians. What it contributes—its added value, so to speak—is a reflection on the categories employed to think about historical experience at its different levels, not only as a narrative but also as a series of events: their origins, contexts, terminology, functions (theoretical or practical), and, finally, eventual relevance.