俄罗斯西伯利亚人口状况及其地理分析

西伯利亚人口问题一直非常尖锐,20世纪90年代以来更有不断恶化趋势。基于1989年和2002年俄罗斯人口普查资料,对西伯利亚人口状况及其动态变化进行了分析,得出了一些重要结论:1989-2002年间西伯利亚人口减少了95.9万,减少幅度达3.7%,远高于全俄1.5%的平均减幅;出生率降低、死亡率提高和人口大量迁移导致多数城市和区域人口持续减少,劳动力短缺问题日趋严重,制约了地区经济的发展;实现人口自然增长、调节人口迁移、引进合法移民乃西伯利亚人口和经济社会发展的当务之急。     

浅谈俄罗斯经济发展中石油产业的带动作用

近些年来,随着全球经济格局的大幅度改变,经济水平的普遍增长,俄罗斯迎来了全新的经济复苏期。特别是从1998年国家经济濒临崩溃,到目前GDP成倍增长,其经济始终呈现出持续快速增长的良好势头,变化巨大不亚于我国经济的迅猛发展。而在俄罗斯发展中,其经济增长能源化的现象,也早已成为一个不争的事实,石油产生对经济复苏的带动作用尤为突出。然而石油产业也给经济带来了正负两方面的利弊影响。本文笔者就石油产业在带动俄罗斯经济发展中的利与弊进行粗浅的探讨,并提出几点应对措施,以此进一步强化俄罗斯经济发展。     

世界看中国

为什么中国可以,俄罗斯不行? 中国政府宣布,到2020年前将实现国内生产总值翻两番。而俄罗斯经济部门领导承认,俄国内生产总值到2010年翻一番的计划不现实。那么为什么中国可以, 俄罗斯不行? 首先,两国处于完全不同的发展阶段。中国把大量过剩的农村人口转移到城市,他们按西方工艺生产出产品,然后将这些产品销往西方市场。而俄75%的人口生活在城市。中国的经济增长建立在廉价劳动力和产品组装的基础上,同时,国家也在尽力实现其他领域的突破,中国完全有可能实现目标。俄的劳动力并不便宜,而且俄已经实现了工业化,没有二次工业化的资源,只有引进高新技术和建立完整的生产部门,增长才有可能。但这很困难,因为需要大量投资,而由于     

苏维埃时期俄罗斯远东土著民族

苏维埃时期俄罗斯远东土著民族王少平俄罗斯远东包括４个州、两个边疆区,面积３００多万平方公里．这里居住着１５个土著民族,人口约８万（１９８９年）．在苏维埃时期,这些土著民族人口不断增长,经济发生了重大变化。其增长和变化的原因及具体情况如何？本文拟对此问...     

俄罗斯外国劳务移民与中国移民研究

论文利用俄罗斯联邦移民局和联邦统计局的数据,采用统计分析法,探讨近年来俄罗斯移民尤其是劳务移民的数量、结构、地区分布、从事行业以及中国移民在俄罗斯的发展状况,指出了俄罗斯在制定移民政策存在的弊端,并从"现有移民政策的局限"和"有效管理外国劳务移民"等方面提出了对策建议。认为一国移民政策的制定和调整应符合该国经济和人口发展的大局,而且要认识到移民是在经济全球化大背景下,促进区域经济一体化的重要力量。     

论俄罗斯的石油经济

俄罗斯联邦的石油经济,是在俄罗斯帝国及苏联石油经济基础上形成的,石油外交主要通过石油公司实施。俄罗斯石油外交呈现出与苏联石油外交不同的特点。俄罗斯联邦时期石油外交主要由国家掌控;石油公司的对外石油贸易兼有实现国家外交政策目标的重任;国际石油贸易中俄罗斯与其他国家之间争夺与合作并存。石油经济对俄罗斯的经济、政治、外交影响很大。石油出口刺激俄罗斯经济的增长,石油政治与石油外交既影响俄罗斯外交政策决策,也受到对外战略的制约。后冷战时期,俄罗斯以石油扩张弥补地缘政治的削弱,但国家经济过分依赖石油出口也带来负面影响。     

第三世界的城市发展

英、美等西方国家的城市是工业化的产物,第三世界城市的兴起应当被看作是殖民扩散的影响,而不是当地城镇自然发展的产物.本世纪初,除西欧和北美以外也存在一些具有相当规模的城市,可它们主要是与西方殖民主义缕连的港口和矿业中心.它们在各国形成一种双重经济的上层,这种经济是外加进来的经济,仅仅和以乡村为基础的传统农业体系有着微弱的联系.其结果是非洲、南亚、东亚的城市人口百分比低.尽管第三世界的城市增长发生在经济发展水平较低的国家,但其增长速度要比西方国家快得多.人口的自然增长和人口的大量移动是主要原因,而工业发展随之而来的就业机会则是     

《中国历史地理论纲》评介

《中国历史地理论纲》评介龚胜生本世纪７０年代以来,由于人口急剧增长、资源过度消耗、生态环境恶化、南北差距扩大等世界性问题的出现,人类生存与发展开始面临着严重的威胁和挑战,人口、资源、环境、发展关系问题,特别是人地关系问题受到了前所未有的广泛关注。中国...     

发展循环经济与实现我国区域可持续协调发展

发展循环经济是建设“资源节约型和环境友好型”社会、实现我国区域可持续协调发展的内在要求。本文运用“人口机会窗口”理论和区域人口转变与区域经济增长的一般模式理论及方法,分析探讨了我国区域人口转变与经济增长的现代发展历程和特征;从资源环境对区域经济可持续发展的重大影响方面,提出了发展区域经济应遵循其资源与生态环境可持续发展的基本原则;应全面深刻认识区域资源环境可持续协调发展的循环经济特征,加强循环经济“三大体系”建设,以全面实现我国人口、资源、环境与区域经济的可持续协调发展。     

1991年以来俄罗斯社会政治思潮中的帝国思想评析

1991年至今,俄罗斯思想界就帝国理论、俄罗斯的帝国历史、帝国命运等问题展开了持续多年的讨论。这些讨论既是学术问题,也是政治和意识形态问题,深刻反映出当代俄罗斯面临的思想和社会政治危机,记录了俄罗斯思想界对俄国家发展道路的探索历程。帝国思想作为俄罗斯"国家思想"(国家意识形态)的备选方案虽然不可能付诸实施,但是,这些探讨仍有一定的学术意义。     

转型期俄罗斯区域经济发展空间差异研究

本文从区域地理的视角,通过对俄罗斯转型以来的经济地带、基本经济区、联邦区和联邦主体四个不同层面的区域经济发展空间差异的现状进行动态分析,得出俄区域经济发展差异具有三个鲜明的特征:一是无论在其经济整体下降或增长的同时均伴随着区域之间经济发展差异的绝对或相对扩大过程;二是区域之间经济发展空间差异反映了市场经济在不同区域的作用,即在市场条件基础较好和资源性外向型经济发展有利的区域经济增长优于其他区域;三是形成了大量的"低水平塌陷"区域,即经济指标低于全俄平均数的问题区域数量多,覆盖面大。在此基础上,从自然因素、市场发育水平、体制因素以及社会历史因素等方面探讨了各因素在区域经济发展中的不同作用。     

中国人口老龄化的特点、成因及对策分析

人口老龄化是人口年龄结构的变化,是社会经济发展影响人口发展过程的必然产物,同时将对社会经济发展和未来人口变化产生深刻的影响。我国同时是世界人口大国和老年人口大国,老龄化过程有着自身的特点和独特的成因机制。本文通过定量分析,认为我国人口老龄化的特征表现在四个方面:①人口转变迅速,老龄化进程快;②老年人口绝对数量大,低龄老人多,高龄老人增长速度快;③人口老化与综合国力发展不相适应;④人口老龄化的区域差异显著。计划生育政策的推行和人口寿命的延长是我国人口老龄化的直接原因。最后提出了解决我国人口老龄化问题的对策与措施:转变观念,科学、辨证地认识人口老龄化问题;努力提高劳动生产率,增强经济承受能力;建立符合我国国情的养老保障体系和老年照料体系;建立健康的老年型社会。     

中国人口寿命的时间变化和区域差异

本文论述了我国人口平均预期寿命的时间变化和区域差异,分析了我国"百岁寿星"的地理分布态势,提出了防治老年性疾病和艾滋病、增进延年益寿的积极意义。建国后,我国人口寿命的年度变化可分为快速增长和平缓增长两个时期,在区域差异上有明显的城乡差异,东、西部地区之间和民族地区之间的差异也比较明显。     

Who identifies with the “Russian World”? Geopolitical attitudes in southeastern Ukraine,Crimea, Abkhazia,South Ossetia,and Transnistria

Abstract

The concept of the Russian world (Russkii mir) re-entered geopolitical discourse after the end of the Soviet Union. Though it has long historical roots, the practical definition and geopolitical framing of the term has been debated and refined in Russian political and cultural circles during the years of the Putin presidency. Having both linguistic-cultural and geopolitical meanings, the concept of the Russian world remains controversial, and outside Russia it is often associated with Russian foreign policy actions. Examination of official texts from Vladimir Putin and articles from three Russian newspapers indicate complicated and multifaceted views of the significance and usage of the Russkii mir concept. Surveys in December 2014 in five sites on the fringes of Russia – in southeastern Ukraine, Crimea, and three Russian-supported de facto states (Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and Transnistria) – show significant differences between the Ukrainian sample points and the other locations about whether respondents believe that they live in the Russian world. In Ukraine, nationality (Russian vs. Ukrainian) is aligned with the answers, while overall, attitudes toward Russian foreign policy, level of trust in the Russian president, trust of Vladimir Putin, and liking Russians are positively related to beliefs about living in the Russian world. In Ukraine, the negative reactions to geopolitical speech acts and suspicions about Russian government actions overlap with and confuse historical linguistic-cultural linkages with Russia, but in the other settings, close security and economic ties reinforce a sense of being in the Russian “world.”     

Choices and responsibilities: finding the balance

Rapid population growth means the addition of a billion more people in 11 years. The International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), scheduled for September 5-13, 1994, will address the issue of population growth and design strategies for slower growth with economic development and environmental protection. This article summarizes Dr. Nafis Sadik's special preparatory message about the conference. The ICPD will address the issues of reproductive health, affordable family planning (FP), and informed choice. There will be an emphasis on better health care, housing, education, and other poverty alleviation measures. Empowerment of women through educational and economic opportunity and increased foreign aid are also themes. Improvements in the quality of life as well as demographic and social change are required. The key to slowing population growth is to meet the need for FP services to reduce fertility. Reexamination of the life-styles of the more affluent is also required. Needs and resources must be balanced. Sustainable development and resource use will depend upon slower population growth, more rational population distribution, alleviation of poverty, environmentally safer consumption patterns, and other measures. The 1994 draft plan of action has a broad mandate which recognizes the linkages between population and development. Target dates and reproductive rights language are bracketed and will be discussed during the conference. Quantitative goals are set for education, child and maternal mortality reduction, and universal access to FP and reproductive health services. The public should be made aware of the development and population links. Developing countries are asked to devote 20% of their government budget to social development. Countries by their action or inaction will choose a world population size in 2015 ranging from 7.27 to 7.92 billion. The difference of 660 million in 20 years is equal to the current population in Africa. The high projection for 2050 is 12.5 billion people. The ICPD will be the last global opportunity before the turn of the century to address the challenges of shared responsibility for the future of life on earth.     

Going It Alone: Belarus as the Non-European European State

In the second paper of a symposium devoted to the contemporary status of Belarus, a noted American specialist on the electoral geography of the states of the former Soviet Union challenges assertions in the preceding article (Ioffe and Yarashevich, 2011) that only Russia and Ukraine are valid comparators against which to gauge the success of the Lukashenka model. Expanding the scope of comparison to include the three other countries neighboring Belarus (Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland), he demonstrates that a broader range of policy changes can be considered by its leadership in efforts to limit damage from the economic crisis in Belarus and position the country for renewed growth within a global economic frame-work. Examination of a wide range of social and economic indicators and government policies reveals, however, that in many ways an unreformed Belarus is poorly positioned for competition in an increasingly interconnected world, in which the elements for successful development are quite different from those providing economic stability in the past. A closing section of the paper revisits the debate on whether most Belarusian citizens actually aspire to a more "European" way of life or instead prefer the "Eastern" alignment and reliance on a Russian benefactor whose own economic future looks increasingly uncertain.     

中国城市贫困的基本特点与脱贫模式探讨

本文通过城市贫困家庭的收入情况、消费情况、社交情况以及城市贫困的社区分布分析中国城市贫困的基本特点。提出三条形成城市贫困的相互影响的机制链条,即由于产业结构调整和经济体制的转轨、社会保障不完善和政府财政实力较弱以及人力资本偏低和市场需求高三方面引发城市贫困。并构建了城市贫困脱贫模式,分析了脱贫过程以及将"内外结合、标本兼治"作为脱贫模式的核心。得出了四个解决措施:一是加强政府反贫困建设,完善社会保障体系;二是提高贫困主体自身素质,强化脱贫意识;三是积极推进再就业工作,完善再就业服务;四是发展非政府组织的扶贫事业,拓宽救助渠道。     

Economic Resources and Political Power at the Local Level in Post-Soviet Russia

In the 1990s in local government in Russia, the dominant trends might be described as neo-Soviet because of their apparent continuity with patterns that prevailed before the end of communist rule in that country. The promise of independence for "local self-government," as set forth in the Russian Constitution of 1993 and subsequent legislation, largely has been frustrated. The tendency of privatized economic enterprises to divest themselves of responsibility for social benefits, and the lack of an adequate base for financial independence for local governments, have made it necessary for local officials to rely heavily on the regional authorities for support. Within local government, the elected legislature usually is subordinate to a dominant executive leadership. Those features of contemporary local government in Russia are explained by the consequences of decisions adopted by the country's post-Communist leadership, including the method and content of economic reform. The results are unfavorable both for the resurgence of the local economy and the growth of democracy at the local level.     

Representations of the Chudes in Norwegian and Russian Folklore

Abstract

The objectives of this article are (1) to reveal the meaning (semantics) of the word “Chude” in Norwegian and Russian cultures; (2) to analyze Russian and Norwegian legends about the Chudes in order to define the main plot-constructing elements. When writing this article the authors used a synchronous and diachronous methods of analysis of material that was written down in a period that exceeds one and a half centuries. In etymological sense the word “Chude” (tsjude or Cud) can be derivative form from old Slavic form *tjudjo (strange, foreign) that can in its turn be borrowing from a Gothic or a German word that got the meaning “a nation” (folk). With the Sami the word “tshudde”/ “shutte” means an enemy, an adversary. The image of the Chudes has been preserved in Russian and Norwegian narrative traditions. Oral stories in Norway are called sagn. In Russian folkoristic narratives about the Chudes are traditionally called “predanie”.

The ethnonym “Chude” has a collective meaning in Russian and Norwegian folklore. In Norwegian culture it means plunderers of different ethnical belonging who came from the East to plunder the local population in the Northern Norway. As the undertaken research has shown, this name could have been applicable to Russian, Finns, Karelians, Kvens and peoples speaking Nordic languages (Swedes). In the Russian cultural tradition the name “Chude” was used to name different Finno-Ugric peoples living in the North-West Russia before the Russians came there and who later assimilated with the Russians. The Kola Sami called Swedes and Norwegians who came to them from the west to plunder the Chudes. The existence of a people in the same name in the old times is not excluded. The research carried out by place name scientists reveals that this people could be related to the Baltic-Finnish group of peoples.

The word Chude has historical and mythological aspects. Folk legends about the Chudes have “preserved” memories about the historical past of the northern region. Additionally this ethnonym contains conceptions of the world's binary character that are typical for archaic consciousness. Folk legends about the Chudes are widespread in the European North of Russia while plots about militant and plundering Chudes are localized in traditional Sami regions of Russia and Norway. In folk legends and sagn, the Russians and the Sami belong to one's “own” world, while the Chudes are associated with the concepts of the “strangers”. This nomination acquired the meaning “a stranger”, “a robber”.