论“元佑学术”与“元佑叙事”

“元佑学术”不仅体现了北宋蜀学、洛学、朔学三大学派的某些相同的经学思想,而且辐射到了文学、史学、制度等多个文化层面,是元佑党人用来排斥“荆公新学”、废弃熙丰新法的理论依托。绍圣以后,“元佑学术”遭致严厉禁锢,也成了“绍述”新党排斥政敌的一个专门术语。南宋士大夫在反思北宋覆亡的历史过程中,却以一种过於偏执的认同,以及简单的二分法和柔性叙事的手段,展开了以“元佑学术”为判断标准的历史叙事：并将“元佑学术”视为宋代进入“后三代”的重要标志,对后世产生了深远的影响。其实,从“元佑学术”的形成与被禁,到“元佑叙事”的展开,均与朋党之争息息相关,典型地体现了宋代士大夫优劣杂陈、得失参半的政治文化性格。     

对研究宣南“士人文化”的一点意见

有清一代,北京的宣南地区是文人学士主要聚散之地,是全国文化交流的中心。这一时期出现在我国文化史上的许多著名学派或学术门类如“皖派”,“公羊学”,“西北地理”、“蒙古史”等等,都相继在这一地区形成。到晚清,北京的“市民社会”和“市民文化”又在这里诞生(如著名的“京剧”)。所以,不论作为世界文化名都的北京,还是作为一座现代化城市的北京,其形成和发展,都与“宣南文化”有着不可分割的联系。     

北宋变法的开端—庆历新政

“庆历新政”發生在北宋中期,这是一个由中小地主阶层代表人物所进行的一次政治革新运动的重要尝試。“庆历新政”在北宋“变法”史上有着承先启后的巨大意义,它是“熙丰变法”的序幕和准备。“庆历新政”的出現有其深刻的社会根源,絕不仅像旧史家所謂的“党爭”之类事件,而是由于北宋社会史發展的必然产物。     

中华文化“礼乐之道”影响下的梨花大鼓艺术

孔子在《论语》中讲到“不学礼,无以立”,荀子也以一句“礼者,人道之极也”道出了“礼”的地位。讲求礼教,是中华文化的基本特征。“礼”反映在文化中,便体现为形成一套制度式的软性方式传承社会思想,是具有稳定性、公认性、继承性、便宜造作性的文化仪式。在中国传统文化中,与“礼”有着很重要联系的一个说法便是“礼乐教化”。“礼”与“乐”相互配合和融通,形成有别于西方文化的基本文化范式。作为中华“礼仪”文化浸润下的“乐”,也必然带有“礼”的特征,形成了梨花大鼓这种艺术的风格。本文从中国文化大背景入手,来分析梨花大鼓这一“乐”中体现的“礼”,以求获得对这一中国传统曲艺形式最“中国味”的解读。     

反“文化全球化”——经济全球化背景下对文化多样性的思考

经济全球化以及金融全球化和传媒全球化等 ,不会导致“文化全球化” ,恰恰相反 ,文化作为人类社会生存的方式 ,是一种价值体系 ,在全球化的背景下将进一步形成各民族文化的多样性。漫长的世界历史告诉人们 ,人类文化的发生和发展都是多元的 ,从来不存在单一的“全球”文化模式 ,所谓“文化全球化” ,是国际垄断资产阶级关于全球化意识形态的理论表现之一。其实质是通过建立以美国文化为主导的所谓文化的“全球化” ,从文化上进而从整体上肢解独立的民族国家 ,这是典型的“文化帝国主义”。     

从文化视野看伊斯兰社会的历史发展(公元7—13世纪)

伊斯兰教产生于以阿拉伯人为主要居民的阿拉伯半岛,后来作为一种政治文化力量向外辐射才成为一种世界性宗教。因此,本文只将论述范围限于具有代表性的以阿拉伯人为主要“历史行为者”的中东地区,一方面按照历史的逻辑阐述伊斯兰社会的产生和演化,另一方面则以文化学的视界对这一社会的宗教文化特点加以描述。 历史帷幕的拉开是以社会为背景的,历史研究应当以社会为对象。然而,历史的主体是     

试论“过赶年”的传播

“过赶年”是湘鄂川黔边区土家族人民自古流传至今的习俗。它的形成是土家族社会历史发展的结果,也是民众的智慧创造,是这一民族文化的组成部分。而其俗的广泛传播,为土家族的形成产生了重要的影响,它究竟是怎样传播的呢?长期以来,在土家族文化史上,这是一个谜。本文拟就何谓“赶年”、它的产生与形成以及传播路线,谈谈我的一些粗浅意见,以求教于专家和读者。     

北宋政治的得失与“儒术治国”的尴尬

北宋堪称“儒术治国”的典型。这一论断的基本支撑是当时两个比较典型的历史现象：“儒术”的复振和“文人主政”。“儒术”大行其道以及整个笃信“儒术”的文人官僚队伍使得北宋政治实践中有着相当浓厚的儒家色彩。这一历史阶段的文治似乎比较成功,“文教”的发展在中国历史上创下了一个高峰。然而,整个北宋一直国势不振,国力不强,“积贫积弱”,对外奉行投降政策,最后败亡得相当悲惨。这一切使得“儒术”的历史作用显得可疑,使“儒术治国”说陷入真正的尴尬     

澳门模式与鸦片战争前的中西关系

澳门模式与鸦片战争前的中西关系陈尚胜本文所说的“澳门模式”,是指鸦片战争之前澳门在中外关系中的存在形式。具体地说,它是在中国明清封建王朝的管辖之下,由葡萄牙人居留和经营的贸易特区。那么,作为明清时期中西关系的一种重要形式,它的形成有着什么样的历史文化...     

洛阳与汴梁:文化重心与政治重心的分离——关于11世纪80年代理学历史与思想的考察

11世纪七八十年代 ,北宋逐渐形成一个介于国家 (皇权 )与民众(个人 )之间的士绅阶层 ,他们以思想与国家分庭抗礼 ,以文化权力抵消着政治权力 ,试图使文化重心与政治中心取得平衡。而这种文化权力为了与政治权力对抗 ,逐渐建构了一种超越一切甚至是皇权之上的“理” ,作为批评政治的理论根据。他们用重新叙述和解释过的“道统”说、“性情”说以及新的经典 ,建构一种高调的道德理想主义与温和的文化保守主义思路 ,这就是后来理学兴起的基本背景。由于在位官僚与赋闲官僚的趋向不同 ,现实策略与文化理想的思路矛盾 ,使中国出现了前所未有的“政统”与“道统”、“师”与“吏”、政治重心与文化重心的分离和对立。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.