论江有诰《谐声表》之反切

江有诰《谐声表》之反切,鲜有学者论及。笔者通过考察《谐声表》反切的内容、体例、来源、古音学思想等,揭櫫江氏对上古音值的认识。认为江氏音切以参考《说文》徐铉切语为主,并结合江氏古音体系为之折合,折合的准则是"古本音"、"转音"理论。江氏所指部分"今音"为歙县方音。某些音切不合江氏古音体系,为江氏"自乱其例"之失误。     

《原本广韵》注音相关问题检讨

《原本广韵》《覆元泰定本广韵》《重修广韵》同为《切韵》系韵书,语音具有继承性。通过三书注音比较,发现《原本广韵》与《覆元泰定本广韵》除个别小韵所用反切因字形讹误、版本覆刻校改所致差别外,基本一致。而《原本广韵》与《重修广韵》注音虽多数相同,差异明显甚于前者,表现有注音数目不同、注音用字异俗体之别、注音用字讹误不同、注音用字习惯之别、时音方音影响差异。三部韵书注音差异中的某些分别,可作为《原本广韵》成书晚于《重修广韵》的旁证。     

孙愐《唐韵》传本及佚文考述

《唐韵》五卷,唐代孙愐所撰。《唐韵》上承《切韵》,下启《广韵》,在切韵系韵书中占有非常重要的地位。现存《唐韵》材料主要有蒋藏本《唐韵》、敦煌文献中《唐韵》残卷、徐铉校订《说文》所注《唐韵》反切、《永乐大典》中新发现的《唐韵》和传世文献中所引《唐韵》佚文等。     

佛经音义所引《说文》考探

许慎的《说文解字》(下简称说文)约撰于东汉永元八年至十二年(96-100)间。建光元年(121)许慎嘱其子许冲将书上献给汉安帝後,学者传抄、流传中或有讹误。唐代宗大历年间(766-779)李阳冰以己意窜改,唐末遂有改本流传。宋太宗雍熙三年(986)徐铉奉诏校订《说文》(下简称大徐本),     

西夏反切中重唇音切上字的分类

《文海宝韵》中的反切是研究西夏语音系统的重要材料之一。在充分分析《文海宝韵》《同音》《同音文海宝韵合编》等西夏内部材料的基础上,结合藏文注音和梵夏对音材料,西夏语反切中的重唇音切上字可被分为■四类。     

《说文》切音声训与切音读若

一《说文》作者许慎懂不懂反切?《说文》曾否用过反切方法?这在语言学史上是个相当重要而又颇能吸引人的课题,因为它不仅直接关系到对《说文》及其作者的正确评价,而且必然要与反切起源的探讨密切相关。自从颜之推《颜氏家训·音辞》提出:“汉末人独知反语”,“许慎造《说文》……始有譬况     

《字林》的流传及其在中国语言学史上的价值

本详述《字林》的流传及其影响,揭示其音切和释义在中国语言学史上的价值,《字林》是古代字书最先采用反切注音的,《字林》的释义反映了汉魏语词义的发展。     

反切源于合音新证

反切注音法产生的时代和文化背景,有关论说最早见于隋颜之推《颜氏家训·音辞卜“汉末人独知反语（即反切）”,同书《书证篇》又断言“郑立以前全不解反语”。宋人又提出反切出自梵文拼育法,如陈振孙《直斋书录题解·韵补》条认为：“反切之学,自西域入中国。”两说合而为一,成为现代学界通行观点,即：反切注音法是在东汉末年翻译佛经的过程中受梵大拼音法的启示而产生的。宋沈括《梦溪笔谈·艺文二》提出另外一种推测,指出：“然古语已有二声合为一字者,如不可为叵、何不为签、如是为尔、而已为耳、之乎为诸之类．似西域二台之音,…     

浅释《说文解字》的“声读同字”现象

在《说文解字》的形声字条目中,有一种特殊的“读若”现象,即读若字与声符字用字相同。王筠《说文释例》曾为此专立“声读同字”一目,辑录凡42条。本文在全面考察许书形声字“读若”条例的基础上,对其中的40条逐一剖析,认为有32条分别为注音和释义而设,其他8条则由文字讹误所致。“声读同字”作为注音释义的特殊手段,与“同字为训”的训诂方式具有明显的相承关系。     

《六书故》校补举隅

党怀兴、刘斌二位先生点校的《六书故》,以清李鼎元刊本为底本,参校元残本、明影抄元本、明张萱刻本、四库全书本。然百密一疏,脱漏亦复不少,笔者择有据可徵者58例,条列排比,据其致误之由,分六类加以引证:一、《六书故》引《说文》字形分析讹误;二、语音讹误;三、点校本标点讹误;四、释义讹误;五、《六书故》引用典籍讹误;六、异体、俗体讹误。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.