千手观音试验区的彩绘修复研究

本文详细地调查了试验区域的法器和彩绘的病害,对彩绘的病害机理和绘制工艺进行了研究,确定了修复技术路线和修复工艺.此次修复研究的重点放在法器和彩绘的补色上,在补色过程中遵循了全彩的原则.针对法器彩绘残存不同的情况,本文采用三种不同的补色方案,并通过研究总结出法眼和背景云纹的补色规律.     

邯郸金代墓葬壁画保护性搬迁及后期修复

2017年7月在邯郸华耀城建筑工地发现一座金代墓葬,经清理后发现该墓葬墓室内存留有大量壁画。作为邯郸地区发现数量较少的文物类型,此壁画的发现对研究邯郸历史文化具有重大价值,因此保留壁画实物十分重要且必要。为此,文物保护修复人员按照文物保护修复规范流程,对壁画进行清理、预加固、加固、分幅、支撑、切割、搬运等操作,将全墓壁画分为17幅,全部搬运回文物库房。2020年6月开始进行后期保护修复,采取对砖体的二次打磨切割、脱盐、加固、翻转、画面层清理、补全、作色等操作,壁画保护修复工作圆满完成。     

透光摄影在古书画修复与研究中的应用

透光摄影由常规可见光摄影发展而来，是针对中国古书画等能被可见光穿透的文物开发的一项无损摄影检测技术。通过实践发现透光摄影在古书画的修复与研究领域具有多项作用：观察书画命纸、背纸拼接等装裱情况；发现前人加固、补缀等修复痕迹；获取画面底稿内容；强化伤况视觉效果以便于分析文物伤况病害。透光摄影能够提供直观可靠的深层视觉信息，辅助修复人员了解文物内部状态，在古书画的修复与研究中发挥重要作用。     

清东陵裕陵彩画补绘修复设计思考

以往人们对建筑彩画更多的是关注其个体的保存状态,在我们承担清东陵裕陵维修工程中,发现对裕陵建筑彩画的价值评估仅仅以局部真实与完整的角度观照还很不够,尤其是通过对裕陵单体建筑彩画的现状勘察,裕陵建筑彩画属旋子彩画类型,其单体彩画配置存在等级差异,比较其他清代陵寝建筑彩画,清代陵寝建筑彩画的总体配置似有传承古制的观念影响.同时,陵寝建筑有明确年代,使陵寝彩画具有时代样本价值,再由裕陵建筑彩画纹饰差异、配置关系的发现,引发本文对裕陵建筑彩画价值评估和补绘意义的探讨.     

Method for photogrammetric surveying of archaeological sites with light aerial platforms

In this paper, we describe a complete methodology for performing photogrammetric surveying of archaeological sites using light aerial platforms or unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) systems. Traditionally, the main problem with using these platforms is the irregular geometry of the photographs obtained. These irregular image block patterns are occasioned by uncontrolled circumstances (e. g. effect of wind, lack of flight control, etc.) which generate high imprecision in the positioning of camera stations. The method proposed here allows the execution of the photogrammetric flight following the predicted parameters determined in mission planning (camera focal length, photo scale, ground sample distance -GSD-, overlaps, etc.) so we can obtain regular flight geometries. Our method allows the use of conventional photogrammetric data reduction methods based on the use of stereoscopic photogrammetric workstations. Although flights with irregular patterns can allow the formation of stereo pairs within certain limits, conventional photogrammetric procedures often have great difficulty in processing these irregular image blocks. For this reason this system raises the staking out of the camera positions by using a robotized total station and a mini prism situated on the platform. This method is applied to a real photogrammetric survey of an archaeological site of the Tartessic epoch in Southern Spain. The results obtained, confirmed by a quality control of the photogrammetric flight, have demonstrated the viability of this methodology even when moderate wind effects appear.     

安徽博物院所藏7幅潘玉良油画矿物色料的组成分析

油画具有色料种类繁多、同一色系的颜料多样及对环境比较敏感等特性,加上颜料自身的风化作用,仅凭肉眼难以分辨。在修复性保护工作之前,对需要补色、补底处原色料的鉴定是一项基础性的工作,以便为修复时色料的选择提供依据。为此,本研究运用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线荧光(XRF)等方法对7幅安徽博物院收藏的待修复的潘玉良油画矿物色料进行了物相及成分分析,讨论了补色修复时色料选择应注意的问题,以避免因色料粉之间不兼容(起化学反应)而对画作造成的二次伤害。     

一种油画颜料层裂纹的修复技术分析

油画颜料层裂纹是一种常见的病害类型,严重的裂纹会影响作品的视觉效果。裂纹修复所采取的措施应以缓解病害,延续寿命为目标,避免不当修复对其文物价值的改变。本研究通过红外光谱和便携式X荧光能谱分析,初步确定了裂纹产生的原因与材料技法和机械作用力有关,长期的温湿度波动则是最终形成老化裂纹的重要因素。对两类常见的裂纹加固方法比较后得出结论,色蜡改变了原画的光泽度和肌理层,动物胶调碳酸钙更适宜作为裂纹的填补材料。观察修复后的油画保存状况,发现经过修复的颜料层仍存在继续劣化的风险,必须维持保存环境的相对稳定,方可延长修复周期。     

古书画保护修复中的二次脱色现象及预防

中国古书画源远流长,在长期的收藏和传承历史中会出现各种各样的病害,传统书画修复技术因此得到发展。在书画修复中,观察和分析作品的病害情况是制定修复计划的重要前提,但保护修复中发生的脱色现象是后出现的二次病害,在修复计划中易被忽略以致画心被破坏,失去色泽变得暗淡,甚至出现部分内容缺失,对书画伤害极大,故而对修复中的二次脱色现象进行研究并优化相关修复技术是至关重要的。本工作以实践经验为基础,对古书画修复中的二次脱色现象进行全面的阐述和研究,从材料和工艺的角度分析了病害成因,将常见的修复中人为造成的脱色现象进行了分类,提出了修复中二次脱色现象发生的预防判断标准,优化了修复技术,为古书画病害的研究、书画修复技术的优化提供参考。     

甘肃拉卜楞寺壁画表面涂层材质分析

西藏壁画表面大多刷有保护涂层。据记载,其材质主要是桐油、牛胶或清漆等。但目前,对该涂层材质科学的研究却较少,不利于后期保护修复。为配合拉卜楞寺壁画保护修复项目,本研究以衰减全反射红外光谱法(ATR-FTIR)、核磁共振氢谱法(~1H-NMR)、热裂解-气相色谱-质谱联用(Py-GC-MS)技术等分析手段,对甘肃夏河拉卜楞寺弥勒佛殿、时轮学院主殿壁画的涂层进行了分析。结果表明,两处佛殿壁画涂层可确定是一种干性油,种类与桐油较接近。但由于西藏壁画在材料和工艺上的独特性,材料老化等因素,拉卜楞寺壁画涂层在组成和结构上,与现代桐油有一定差别,表现出一定的丰富性和复杂性。后期修复,可采用性质与西藏传统涂层材料接近的干性油,例如桐油,作为新的壁画表面涂层材料。     

潘玉良油画修复保护

为抢救性修复保护我国著名旅法爱国女画家潘玉良众多的油画,选用欧洲的传统工艺和技法,采用与气候湿润的意大利、荷兰、日本等国家基本相似的材料,用整体托裱法等技法,并运用现代数码及电脑图片技术,对108幅油画进行修复。从列举的4个例子：《弹曼陀铃老人》、《新枝》、《南京夫子庙》、《黑白女人体》修复结果说明,修复后恢复了其原貌,效果良好,对类似工作具有示范意义。     

汉代彩绘的回贴修复研究

针对出土的汉代生漆彩绘和胶料彩绘的破损状况,用自行研制的增塑剂(SC1,主要成分为水性环氧及有机锡),加固剂(水性氟),胶粘剂(环氧树脂与聚酰胺及508的混合物),对生漆彩绘耳杯进行回贴修复;用显现加固剂(508及有机氟材料)对西汉兵马俑胶料彩绘进行显现加固,然后采用水性氟试剂作为胶粘剂进行回贴。两类彩绘的回贴效果理想,说明这种新型的回贴技术可以应用于文物彩绘修复。     

Restoration Techniques Applied to Tile Dome Conservation in the Western Mediterranean. Valencia,Spain

The domes studied, widespread in a large area of the Mediterranean, constitute an architectural heritage of great value to the history of architecture and construction. They were all built using brick masonry and ceramic tile roofs. Restoration work has made it possible to define their geometry, including the construction layouts of the buildings. In addition, on inspection it can be seen that common construction problems tend to be located at specific critical points. The restoration process of different cases sharing the same methodology, construction criteria, and solutions is accurately described. Following international charters, there is minimal intervention and maximum respect for the original solutions, but also a carefully considered incorporation of new materials and technologies to improve the critical points.     

Cathedral of Milan: Structural History of the Load-Bearing System

The structure of the Cathedral of Milan is studied. The features of the building and the original aspects of its load-bearing system are discussed. The progressive development of the structural system is described following its historical phases through four centuries. The final configuration is then analyzed with its main load paths. Detailed information, collected during the 20th century restoration work, was used to determine the geometry and loads. Preliminary analyses are based on equilibrium principles, within the framework of limit analysis for masonry constructions. The main structural restoration works taking place during the life of the Cathedral of Milan are outlined. The results provide a basis for the verification of more detailed numerical analyses and a reference for restoration interventions. Furthermore, the introductory analyses presented here develop the knowledge for future studies devoted to the Cathedral of Milan, encompassing structural, construction, and architectural issues.     

X射线摄影技术在漆下彩画识别中的应用

针对遭到油漆涂抹的传统彩画作品,为了实现对图案的无损提取,本研究使用X射线摄影技术,又称X光成像(照相)技术,利用X射线对不同物质的穿透能力有别,在底片上成像的灰度与物体材质、密度、厚度等密切相关的特点,最终得到分界清晰的黑白图像。此类病类常见于建筑彩画中,建筑彩画意蕴深厚、技法繁缛,极具研究价值,但其中很多关键信息却已失传。经X射线摄影技术辅助,封存在油漆层下的彩画图案得以重见天日,此法与其他修复方法之间形成互补,为漆下彩画的完美修复提供了可能。     

Rocking Behavior of Irregular Free-Standing Objects Subjected to Earthquake Motion

Free-standing rigid objects and structures are dominantly found to exhibit rocking behavior and can be vulnerable to overturning during an earthquake as demonstrated by numerous past earthquake events. Such objects are typically considered to be displacement sensitive with their rocking response being well presented by the Peak Displacement Demand (PDD) parameter of the supporting floor’s motion. This in turn can be directly related to an object’s width (along the direction of motion) for assessing its vulnerability to overturn. Such findings have been sufficiently justified by refined dynamic analysis supported by experimental evaluations which were based on rigid blocks with uniform geometric format (i.e., regular in their mass distribution). However, vulnerable rocking objects can be asymmetric and accordingly their sensitivity to floor displacement cannot be directly related to their width. The key parameter which defines irregular objects’ response to rocking motion is represented by the degree of eccentricity of their center of mass. In this study, the well-known rocking equation of motion is reconfigured and devised to model the rocking responses for 280 irregular objects undergoing eight earthquake motions which included artificial and recorded earthquakes. Analytical results obtained from solving the adjusted equation of motion were evaluated with sophisticated finite element (FE) models simulating the 280 irregular cases. This experimentally validated FE modeling approach was found to be time- and cost-effective for understating the rocking behavior of asymmetric objects as well as clarifying an interesting relationship between the object’s damping level and the condition of the supporting base (i.e., whether being provided with supports at the points of rotation or not). The rocking response of irregular objects was found to be highly influenced by the level of eccentricity of the object when excited by motions with high displacement amplitudes, while such influence was not found noticeable by wider objects. Based on the developed trends between the maximum top displacement of irregular objects and the PDD, an expression for estimating the rocking amplitudes is proposed which is a function of the object’s eccentricity.     

曲阜孔庙古建筑彩画颜料成分分析

油饰彩画是木构建筑的重要组成部分,在世界建筑史上占有重要地位.然而,由于制作材料和工艺的局限性以及外界环境因素的影响,油饰彩画通常会出现褪色、脱落等病害.本文运用激光拉曼光谱分析法,对采集于曲阜孔庙四处古建筑上的11个油饰彩画样品进行了分析测试,探讨了彩画的制作材料和工艺,为后期保护修复提供了依据.     

岩鸽排泄物对壁画损害特征研究

鸟类排泄物是造成石窟寺壁画、彩塑污染的主要因素之一,科学剖析鸟类排泄物对壁画的损害特征是此类污染物有效清除的前提。本研究利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)、X射线衍射(XRD)等方法分析了炳灵寺石窟壁画表面岩鸽排泄物成分,采用扫描电镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDS)、便携式显微镜、偏光显微镜(PLM)表征了鸟类排泄物对模拟壁画的微观损害特征。结果表明,岩鸽排泄物成分主要由尿酸、纤维素、多肽类有机物,以及以石英为主的无机盐组成。排泄物造成壁画覆盖污染、颜料层和地仗层侵蚀、颜料颗粒间原始粘附结构破坏,导致颜料层起甲、脱落,可溶盐活动及其他生物侵蚀。研究结果对于古代壁画的科学保护与修复具有指导意义。     

金坛戴王府太平天国彩画保护与修复

金坛戴王府属于江苏省级文物保护单位，该遗址内有一建筑上存有大量清代太平天国彩画。因早期建筑失修，彩画保存状态岌岌可危，出现大量病害，主要包括彩画表面酥粉、污渍、开裂、脱落、滋生霉菌等。2014年，针对该建筑内的彩画状况制定了抢救性保护方案，并最终采用整体加固、清洗，局部修复等措施，完成了戴王府彩画的保护与修复工程。经过7年时间，目前彩画保护效果良好，取得了预期目标。此次在戴王府采用的彩画保护技术，可为同类型古建彩画的保护提供一定的借鉴作用。     

紫外荧光成像技术在馆藏壁画保护研究中的应用

应用光学成像技术对文物进行科学诊断与分析,是一种非接触的、非破坏性的、直观和快速的方法。本文介绍在馆藏壁画修复材料、修复痕迹及修复评估方面,通过利用紫外荧光成像技术的实验研究,实现了对馆藏壁画修复加固材料、修复痕迹的鉴别和诊断,对馆藏壁画加固、清洗效果的有效评估,此技术在对壁画进一步保护修复中发挥重要作用。     

西汉早期柿园墓四神云气图壁画保护研究（一）——历史与现状调查

壁画保护研究,多集中在正面的保护以及揭取方法和材料的选用。对壁画揭取选用材料性能的系统研究甚少。而对已揭取壁画的破坏与保护的研究更少。已揭取壁画的破坏包含壁画原有的破坏和揭取所用材料蜕变引发的破坏。已揭取壁画具有结构体系的复杂性和破坏类型的多样性,其破坏类型往往是交织在一起的。对此类壁画的保护修复应建立在全面调查、系统研究的理论框架上。其研究内容涉及多学科以及多类型材料和方法的综合运用,其调查内容,也须从壁画制作工艺、材料、环境、破坏类型、原有保护材料以及材料相互作用等方面界定。本工作对西汉早期柿园墓四神云气图壁画的历史状况和现状进行了全面调查。调查结果无疑对后续的研究、对认识壁画的破坏形式和性质具有重要的作用,更有助于实施对古代壁画的科学保护和修复。