骨骼上文石晶体的生长在骨质文物保护中的应用

<正>考古学和古生物学通过研究古代骨骼重塑过去,但脱矿过程会影响骨骼机械性能,引起骨质文物变脆、易碎,可能导致部分研究线索的丢失。乙烯和丙烯酸聚合物是常用的骨质文物保护加固剂,它们的作用是充当胶水,填充微小裂隙来加固骨骼,但在兼容性、可逆性和稳定性方面却常不尽如人意。有一种简单的加固骨质文物的方法是利用文石晶相的原位生长。一些海洋生物的贝壳由文石组成,     

浅谈昙石山遗址出土骨质文物的现场保护

昙石山遗址目前尚保存有10余具新石器时代晚期的人类和动物骨骼遗骸,为更加全面长久地保护这些骨质文物,在充分了解自身病害原因和骨质组成特点的基础上,通过新一轮的保护试验,并经对比研究表明:有机硅改性硅丙乳液作为加固剂材料、丙烯酸树脂+羟基磷酸钙作为修复材料,以及有机硅氟作为封护材料,基本适用于昙石山遗址出土骨质文物的现场保护,效果相对较好。该试验结果可为我国南方地区的骨质文物现场保护和进一步研究提供范例。     

高级醇加固饱水木器的可逆性实验

为了给已加固饱水木器文物留下再处理的空间,本研究对高级醇加固的饱水木器进行了可逆性实验。高级醇加固漆木器文物是利用甲醇具有较强的渗透性和亲水性,置换出木材中的水分子,然后再以硬脂醇置换甲醇,使失水后的木材纤维细胞壁得到加固。可逆性实验是使已加固饱水木器重新回到饱水状态。通过控制环境温度,利用硬脂醇与甲醇共溶原理,改变置换溶液的浓度,用甲醇置换出其器物内的硬脂醇,再用水置换出甲醇,水又重新替代了降解木材的原有空间。实验结果显示,硬脂醇属于“可逆”性加固材料。该方法保护加固原理及工艺简单,并且加固时间短、资金投入少、保护加固设备要求不高,因此对抢救漆木器文物具有广泛的推广应用价值。     

佛光寺彩画加固保护材料的选择实验研究

针对佛光寺无地仗彩画层所出现的颜料脱落、颜料褪变色、裂隙等突出病害,本研究利用正交实验对鱼胶和白芨胶两种传统保护材料进行了复配,得到适宜无地仗彩画加固保护的优选配方:以质量分数为3%的鱼胶复配以0.1%的白芨胶作为有效加固成分,再配以质量分数为0.5%的防霉剂(PTA)、0.1%的紫外吸收剂(BP-4)以及0.1%的抗静电剂。所得复配材料具有优良的加固性能及耐老化性能,可为佛光寺及其他地区无地仗彩画加固保护材料的选择提供参考。     

砂岩文物加固材料与实验室工艺研究

风化砂岩文物的加固是文物保护的重要课题。在本研究中,选择与严重风化的云冈石窟石质文物材质相同的新鲜砂岩为研究对象,采用化学加速风化方法将石质试样进行风化模拟处理,使其风化程度接近于石窟文物本体。利用4种硅酸酯类加固材料和7种实验室工艺条件,对风化模拟石质试样进行加固处理。对处理后的石质试样进行渗透深度、色差、耐盐性、耐紫外老化、无侧限抗压强度性能测试,评估各材料与实验室工艺加固效果。经研究表明:不同材料对风化砂岩均有加固效果,其中硅酸乙酯及其低聚物材料加固作用明显;同种材料、不同实验室工艺条件下加固效果却不一样,减压浸渍法实验室工艺的加固效果最大。本工作结果将为砂岩类石质文物现场加固保护提供科学基础数据。     

河南宝丰清凉寺汝官窑遗址本体加固保护试验研究

为了对河南宝丰清凉寺汝官窑遗址本体进行有效保护,针对病害的定性分析原因,类比筛选了国内外相关试验研究成果。保护设计从加固材料的特性、试样制取、加固方法、固化环境、试验室老化试验及现场试验等方面对加固材料的保护效果进行了系统研究。试验研究结果表明,MH具有较好的保护效果,适宜于汝官窑遗址的保护。所设计的试验方法,有助于制定土遗址化学渗透加固保护统一的试验方法和评定指标,并增强试验成果的可比性。     

硅酸乙酯类加固材料在潮湿环境土遗址加固保护中的应用研究

潮湿环境土遗址因含水率高、成分及所处环境复杂等特点,是文物保护工作中最难保护的文物之一,深入开展加固保护材料适用性及优化组合研究对于潮湿环境土遗址保护具有现实意义。以上海广富林文化遗址"F12房址"为对象,选取硅酸乙酯类加固材料Remmers SAE 300和SAE 300E,对其不同比例配合下的加固效果进行试验研究。通过表观形貌、渗透性、强度及抗水崩解性等指标分析,结果表明不同比例配合下的加固效果虽存在一定差异,但均能有效提高土体抗粉化能力和抑制霉菌生长,且当含水率较低时,加固作用将显著提高土体无侧向抗压强度和抗剪强度。研究结果对综合评定硅酸乙酯类加固材料在潮湿环境土遗址加固保护中的应用性有参考价值。     

明代两件加彩木雕坐像的保护处理——以馆藏明代加彩木雕坐像的保护处理为例

针对深圳博物馆收藏两件明代加彩木雕坐像存在的虫蛀、糟朽、彩绘脱落、开裂、残损等病害,急需进行保护处理的情况。本工作在前期调研和分析检测的基础上,即分别采集了木雕坐像的胎木、加彩层、污染物等样品,利用红外光谱、拉曼、扫描电镜等分析方法对其材质组成、制作工艺及病害进行了综合分析基础上,建立了坐像保护处理工艺步骤:原始档案建立、表面清理、菌虫防治处理、木质朽蚀部位和彩绘层渗透加固、破损及残缺部位修复补全、建立保护修复档案等。选择Primal SF-016作为两件木雕坐像的渗透加固材料,选择无水乙醇作为溶剂,采用较低浓度多次渗透的方法,保证了最佳的加固和防腐防虫效果;修补材料选择聚醋酸乙烯乳液和锯木屑调和补配。处理后的木雕文物器形完整,形态稳定,色泽协调,达到了理想的保护效果。这是对传世彩绘木质文物保护技术的有益探索,对日后同类文物的加固处理有借鉴意义。     

左江花山岩画面层抢险加固材料的选择与研发

由于绘制崖壁的地质、气候等因素,左江花山岩画出现了开裂等严重病害。在比较所有可选材料的性能后选择了天然水硬石灰作为面层抢险加固黏结材料,经过实验室配方研发遴选、无岩画表面实验检测、有岩画表面工艺验证与质量评估体系研究,明确了花山岩画抢险加固采用天然水硬石灰制备的材料体系及其工艺,为全面展开抢救性保护工程提供了技术保障。     

HDI三聚体加固材料对纸质文物字迹保护性能研究

以HDI三聚体化学加固材料对纸质文物中字迹保护效果为研究对象,选用纸质档案中常见的墨汁、碳素墨水、蓝黑墨水、纯蓝墨水、红色墨水、铅笔字迹等材料,根据加固前后字迹的颜色变化、扩散现象,以及与壳聚糖、羧甲基纤维素、明胶-甘油溶液加固材料所做的对比,对HDI三聚体加固纸质文物字迹的安全性进行评估,并依据耐酸性、耐碱性、耐氧化性和耐干热老化性能对其耐久性做出综合分析,进而探究HDI三聚体加固材料对字迹的保护效果。结果表明：在安全性上,HDI三聚体相比其他加固材料性能更优;在耐久性上,其对墨汁、碳素墨水字迹的保护效果较好,对蓝黑墨水、纯蓝墨水、红色墨水、铅笔字迹的保护效果相对较差。另外,依据字迹材料特点,选取适当质量分数加固溶液方能达到理想的加固效果。     

Bone preservation in human remains from the Terme del Sarno at Pompeii using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy

Archaeological bone can show marked and complex alterations depending on the environment in which it was buried. In this study, the state of preservation of 27 femurs recovered from the archaeological site of Pompeii was evaluated by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Most of the bone samples, prepared by the grinding method, showed good histological preservation, although they were characterized by microfissures (microcracking). Nine bone samples showed different states of histological preservation, including worst preservation (two femurs), due to diagenetic processes. Cryostat bone sections stained with thionin or 4′,6′-diamidino-phenylindole (DAPI) revealed the persistence of DNA within some osteocyte lacunae. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that ultrastructural characters, such as lamellae and collagen fibres, are recognizable only in unaltered bone. Our results reveal that most Pompeian samples are well preserved since they have a bone microstructure virtually indistinguishable from that of fresh bone. In methodological terms, although each of the various morphological methods used contributes information, histological and histochemical analyses are the most informative for studying the preservation state of bone and allow for rapid essential screening of archaeological bone.     

Characterization and textural analysis of Middle Bronze Age Transdanubian inlaid wares of the Encrusted Pottery Culture,Hungary: a preliminary study

Inlaid ceramics belonging to the Encrusted Pottery Culture and dated to the Middle Bronze Age (2000–1500 BC) are highly distinctive vessels with complex decorative motifs found in large numbers in the Transdanubia region of Hungary. Despite this considerable corpus of material there has been little systematic investigation of the composition of the inlays. Micro-analysis of Transdanubian inlaid wares by X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-Fourier transform infrared microscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provides new compositional, structural and textural information on the inlays. In contrast to common statements in the literature regarding the materials used to make inlays, these new data show that the majority of inlays are composed of hydroxyapatite (bone) that was previously ashed, although some of the inlays are composed of calcium carbonate. Additional compositional and textural variation in the bone inlays suggests that bone material from different skeletal elements and/or of different age may have been used, and that contrasting recipes for inlay preparation were employed during fabrication. These results suggest that the production of inlaid vessels of the Encrusted Pottery Culture was more complex than has hitherto been thought.     

Comparison of fluoride and direct AMS radiocarbon dating of black bear bone from Lawson Cave,Missouri

Abstract

After a 20-year hiatus (1955–1975) during which few archaeologists discussed fluoride dating, the method again received attention in the 1980s and 1990s when some argued for its validity. As a dating method, fluoride dating depends on the rate at which fluorine ions replace hydroxyl ions in osseous tissue. The rate of replacement is influenced by the properties of the skeletal part (SP), sediment chemistry (K), and sediment hydrology (H), and the replacement rate influences estimates of time. Calibrated AMS radiocarbon assays of 10 black bear (Ursus americanus) femora from a natural-trap cave in central Missouri are weakly correlated with fluorine concentrations, determined by neutron activation analysis in the 10 femora. Despite minimal variation in SP, K, and H, results indicate fluoride dating can be considered a valid dating method only in cases when the chronological validity of its results are confirmed with independent chronometric data. As similarities in fluorine amounts across specimens increase, provenience information and bone orientation data as well as fine resolution data on K and H become critical to the application of fluoride dating.     

MULTIANALYTICAL STUDY OF PALAEOLITHIC REINDEER ANTLER. DISCOVERY OF ANTLER TRACES IN LASCAUX PIGMENTS BY TEM*

Palaeolithic and modern reindeer antler were analysed using complementary techniques to evaluate the conservation state of bone material. X‐ray diffraction, FT‐IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM–EDX) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM–EDX) as well as proton induced X‐ray and γ‐ray emission (PIXE–PIGE) at the particle accelerator AGLAE, C2RMF were applied. This study enabled us to define the chemical and structural features of ancient antler at the micro‐ and nanometre scale and compare them to those of other bone materials such as bone and ivory. Antler is richer in its organic fraction compared to bone and ivory. Its mineral fraction, carbonated hydroxylapatite, shows very specific crystal shapes at the nanometre scale. This specific property allowed us to recognize antler traces in pigment samples originating from rock art paintings in the Lascaux cave, Dordogne, southwestern France, Magdalenian period. Therefore, TEM–EDX is the technique of choice for characterizing antler traces in complex mixtures. In the paint material of Lascaux, antler seems most likely to be a pollutant introduced either by stirring the pigments in water with a piece of antler or by carving antler artefacts next to the preparation of paint material. However, it could eventually be used as a marker of paintings that were created contemporaneously.     

Differentiation of archaeological ivory and bone materials by micro-PIXE/PIGE with emphasis on two Upper Palaeolithic key sites: Abri Pataud and Isturitz,France

The exact identification of the raw material used for ancient bone objects is the basis to understand the manner in which humans in ancient times chose the medium for the manufacture of objects. The material identification is not trivial in the case of highly modified surfaces – worked by man or degraded by diagenesis. Even if bone materials are morphologically quite different, they show in general a very similar chemical composition. Nevertheless, slight differences can be observed in their chemical composition on minor and trace level. These variations may be used as a marker of their exact nature, when other means such as morphological observations are limited. A large data base was built up by analysing different modern and archaeological osseous materials in order to define chemical markers for the identification of the raw materials used to manufacture objects.Micro-Proton Induced X-ray and Gamma-ray Emission (micro-PIXE/PIGE) was chosen to analyse the different bone materials as a non-invasive method is generally required for the study of ancient worked osseous objects. These analyses were performed at the particle accelerator AGLAE installed at the laboratory of the C2RMF, Paris.This paper presents the results obtained on about 150 objects made of different bone materials dating from the Palaeolithic to today and coming from various archaeological sites, mainly in France. Some chemical markers seem to be characteristic, such as the magnesium to calcium ratio for well preserved ivory on one hand and the fluorine content versus strontium to calcium ratio for bones of marine mammals on the other hand. The limits of this approach and the different parameters to consider for an identification of ancient bone and ivory material based on this method are particularly discussed in the case of Palaeolithic material from Abri Pataud and Isturitz, France.     

Polychromic structures and pigments in Guangyuan Thousand-Buddha Grotto of the Tang Dynasty (China)

This paper presents a multi-analytical study of the polychromy in the Guangyuan Thousand-Buddha Grotto. Samples taken from 15 locations in No. 512 and No. 689 caves are prepared as cross-sections for the analysis by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with backscattered electron imaging (SEM-BSE). The cross section analysis indicates that some paintings were repainted in the past. The chemical composition of each painting layer is obtained by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX). The main pigments for 15 samples including green, red, blue, white and black paint layers, are identified by the combination of polarized light microscopy (PLM), Fourier Transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy (RS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The integrated analytical results reveal that the green pigments are malachite and atacamite; the red color is attributed to minium, hematite and cinnabar; the blue pigments are lazurite and organic blue materials; the white color is ascribed to anglesite and gypsum; and the black surface of polychrome is the accumulation of longtime smudging by folk burning incense in the devotional practice or the soot deposition resulting from burning bonfires in the caves. Some arsenic-containing pigment is detected in the green samples. This case study also demonstrates the advantages and the limitations of every analytical technique for the pigment identification, confirming the necessity of the integrated analytical techniques approach. The present results are not only useful to assist in the authenticity of the used pigment materials and history of the polychromic in the past, but also aimed at guiding the conservation scientists in taking into account materials and methods utilized in the past.     

Burin Manufacture and Utilization: An Experimental Study

Abstract

Burins were experimentally manufactured and utilized to differentiate the effects on wear patterns of raw material, method of manufacture, material utilized, and mode of utilization. Differing methods of manufacture and modes of utilization were employed to test the assumed function of burins as being exclusively bone/antler working tools. Results of univariate and multivariate statistical tests are presented along with differentiating characteristics of three methods of manufacture (hard-hammer, soft-hammer, pressure), three types of raw materials (obsidian, basalt, chert), four materials worked (hard and soft wood; dry and soaked bone), and two modes of utilization (graving, scraping).     

Changes in human bones boiled in seawater

The differences between boiled or unboiled bones are not often studied. However, they are crucial to understand postmortem rituals and to establish defleshing procedures and mortuary practices. In this work, human bones boiled in sea or fresh water are characterized. The bone composition, as well as the compounds present in the resulting materials, shows that salt alters the boiling process mechanism. Hence, from structural and morphological criteria, it is possible to distinguish if a bone has been boiled in salt or fresh water. In both sets of samples, the smoothness of the bone surface depends on boiling time, but only in bones boiled in seawater, filaments are observed apparently pouring out of the pores.Those differences which are mainly morphological (smoothness of the surface) are explained in terms of a collagen diffusional mechanism favored by sodium and chloride ions. For a boiling time of 6 h, the surface is covered by a thick layer or crusts of degraded collagen. Experiments with seawater may be used as model experiments to simulate taphonomical alterations in bones exposed to salt water.     

Materials Characteristics of Roman and Arabic Mortars and Stuccoes from the Patio De Banderas in the Real Alcazar of Seville (Spain)

This study discusses the materials and traditional knowledge used in the manufacture and application of lime mortars and stuccoes by Romans and Arabs in Seville (southern Iberian Peninsula). All of the samples studied contain calcite as a binder, combined with aggregates based on river sand from the filling materials of the Guadalquivir River's depression, located in the vicinity of the Real Alcazar Palace in Seville, Spain, where the artefacts were discovered. The Romans used high‐quality production technology, as evidenced by the careful selection of raw materials as well as by the adequate binder‐to‐aggregate ratio and the elevated homogeneity of the mortars and stuccoes. The suitable distribution of aggregates resulted in higher density values for Roman fragments than for Arabic ones. Results derived from Arabic samples suggest a decline in technology manufacture over time. This work provides useful information, particularly regarding the Roman and Arabic periods in the Iberian Peninsula. The analytical techniques employed in this study were X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray fluorescence (XRF)—using conventional and portable systems, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), petrographic microscopy, differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetry (DTA/TG), particle‐size analysis and mercury intrusion porosimetry.     

历代耀州窑釉料渊源关系的初步分析

耀州窑是我国古代名瓷窑。为了探讨历代耀州窑釉料之间的渊源关系,用中子活化分析(NAA)技术测定古耀州瓷釉样品和耀州窑博物馆附近粘土矿样品中29种元素的含量,将这批NAA数据进行模糊聚类分析,得到动态模糊聚类分析图。结果表明：唐代的黑瓷釉原料产地非常集中,矿料成分单纯。宋代青瓷釉料配方比较稳定,五代青瓷具有承前启后的作用。金代月白釉料成分和宋代青瓷釉料接近。唐三彩蓝釉料与其他耀州瓷釉料来源明显不同。