我们这一行：敲沙、翻瓦、牵公猪

捅烟囱 童年时看到捅烟囱的大多是浙江绍兴人，手里拿着一把用竹梢制作的圆扫把，走家串户，要的只是烟囱里的烟墨。跟一般上门服务的工匠不同，捅烟囱的人不吆喝，也不跟户主打招呼，穿堂入室，直奔灶间，直接捅扫烟囱。等主人发觉的时候，他已经捅好了，也不用支付报酬，扫下的烟煤就归了他。     

19世纪英国下层儿童生活史研究述评

19世纪英国下层儿童的生活史是近年来西方史学界的热门话题.从儿童史研究的角度来说,它缘起于20世纪60年代史学界对儿童和童年历史的关注,但在随后二三十年里始终附属于家庭史研究.从19世纪英国史研究的角度来看,它长期被湮没在工业革命史的研究之中.随着儿童史研究的转型,它才逐渐由儿童史研究的边缘向中心发展,也逐渐由工业革命史研究的边缘迈向中心舞台,童工问题、下层儿童童年生活的转型等问题成为考察和评价工业革命前后英国社会的一个重要视角.     

近代早期的英国商人及其作用

近代早期的英国处于由中世纪向近代社会转型过程中,此时的英国商人是一个特殊而重要的群体,他们是践行英国重商主义理论的主体,在英国社会历史发展过程中,有着不可替代的作用。     

国外儿童的理财教育

在一些发达国家和地区,人们十分重视儿童的理财教育,这种教育甚至渗透到了儿童与钱财相关联的一切环节之中。尽管社会背景存在差异性,但这些理财教育的理念是值得我们借鉴的。英国:能省的钱不省很愚蠢提起英国人,向来给人们的印象是过于保守,这种作风体现在理财教育方面则表现为:提倡理性消费,鼓励精打细算。所以,英国人善于在各种规定里寻找最合适的生活方式。自然,英国人把他们这种理财观念传授给了下一代。理财教育在英国中小学的不同阶段有不同的要求:5岁至7岁的儿童要懂得钱的不同来源,并懂得钱可以用于多种目的;7岁至11岁的儿童要学习…     

维多利亚时代中后期英国儿童杂志的二重螺旋——中产阶级女性的压抑和解放

女性应处位置和应扮演角色在维多利亚时代的英国第一次成为全社会必须重视的问题,女性争取选举权的运动蓬勃发展,迫使社会关注这一千百年来被边缘化的人类的特殊群体。儿童杂志具有灌输主流意识形态的功能,就此而言它是中产阶级宣传自身价值观念的阵地。但时代的进步使女性觉醒成为不可抗拒的潮流,儿童杂志作为时代的产物不可能不受到影响,其中体现出某种女性解放的可能。     

charity概念在英国的历史流变及其社会意蕴

charity是英国历史上表示慈善的最常用词语,但其概念却在社会发展变迁过程中不断发生变化。它从对上帝之爱发展到侧重对邻人之爱,后泛指一切旨在解决社会问题的仁慈行为,到了现代社会其含义变得更日益多元。在这一历史发展过程中,charity不断被赋予新的内涵,其既反映了不同时期慈善主导话语权的变化,更体现了英国社会价值观念的变化,由此引发的慈善评判标准的改变也促进了慈善社会功能的不断增强。而charity理念的发展恰好与近代以来英国商业社会推崇的自由竞争潮流相生相克,慈善无意中悄然成为英国消解商业社会弊病的有效方式。因而,charity树起了英国社会进步的一面正义和友善的旗帜。由此可以说,厘清charity概念的源头流变十分重要,它可为慈善的未来发展提供更加开阔的视野。     

英国学派与世界历史研究

在英国学派研究方法中,历史占有重要地位,英国学派依托世界历史在研究方面取得了很大的成就,英国学派也成为历史学和国际关系学的桥梁。根据英国学派的核心概念"国际社会",提出了"首要制度"的概念,这个概念是英国学派对界定国际社会和阐释世界历史变迁标准的一个特殊贡献。首要制度是国际社会的深刻的、不断演化而来的社会结构,包括主权、外交、民族主义、殖民主义以及国际法等。次要制度与之不同,它是被国际关系学的自由主义(制度主义)者所研究的一种建构的、工具性的制度和国际组织。在定义首要制度及其如何产生、发展和消亡后,人们就可以进而关注由它们衍生出来的几种不同类型的国际社会。在此基础上,英国学派以首要制度的变迁为基准,对现代国际社会进行一个简明的世界历史意义上的叙述。最后,反思了全球国际社会的理念和更趋于核心—边缘的现实结构之间的张力,在这种核心—边缘结构中,西方核心和其他各种区域性的国际社会共享各种制度和存有各种分歧。     

论南罗得西亚单方面宣布“独立”的原因

1965年,英国在南部非洲的自治殖民地南罗得西亚的白人种族主义政权单方面宣布南罗得西亚脱离英国“独立”(以下一般简称:单方面宣布“独立”)。这一事件是第二次世界大战后非殖民化进程和非洲民族主义国家体系形成过程中的一个特殊历史现象。本文拟对导致这种特殊历史现象的各种因素系统地加以探讨。     

“英国马克思主义暨历史社会学论坛”简介

<正>本论坛的目的旨在向中国读者介绍英国马克思主义/历史社会学领域对国际关系学的思考。当然英国的历史社会学并非都是马克思主义的,但马克思主义是一个重要的分支。这种思路很有可能为中国提供建立马克思主义思想与国际关系及历史社会学的联系。在英国学界,比较接近马克思主义的是已被许多中国人所熟悉的贾斯廷·罗森伯格的名著《市民社会的帝国:现实主义国际关系理论批     

建构一种转型的“新中世纪观”——评戴尔的《转型的时代:中世纪晚期英国的经济和社会》

长期以来,人们都将15世纪末发生的英国圈地运动和地理大发现看作是现代世界的开端。作为人类历史上率先完成从传统社会向现代社会转型的国家,英国中世纪晚期的历史一直是西方学术界关注的热点。但英国是何时、如何以及为何能完成这种从封建主义     

DISOBEDIENT BOYS AND PROMISCUOUS GIRLS

ABSTRACT

Since the 1990s, numerous public investigations have been carried out around the world on the abuse of children in out-of-home care. In the case of Iceland, commissions were appointed by the Icelandic government in 2007 to examine the historical abuse of children and youth in institutions monitored by local or state authorities during the second half of the 20th century. All the institutions subject to national investigations in Iceland were created during the postwar era, the earliest one in 1947. This article addresses the discourse on institutions and out-of-home care from a long-time perspective. It is shown that ideas on those institutions came to the fore during the early 20th century and were closely linked to progressive ideas on child welfare at the time. World War II and the British occupation of Iceland shaped the views on institutional care, and the postwar era was a period of intensive institutionalization of children and youth. The study also shows that the rhetoric concerning disobedient youth was heavily gendered. Whereas boys were accused of petty larceny, truancy and vagrancy, the main evils of girls were related to their morals, promiscuity being their chief vice.     

Geoffrey Holmes and the House of Lords Reconsidered

The publication of Geoffrey Holmes's British Politics in the Age of Anne , arguably, did more than any other volume of the period to reinvigorate interest in the house of lords in the Augustan period. The upper chamber, which had been largely overlooked by historians such as Sir Lewis Namier and Robert Walcott, had come to be regarded as a very inferior partner to the house of commons, populated by great landowners whose principal interest was to see the furtherance of their kinship networks. Holmes's work demonstrated clearly the central role of the Lords in British political life and revised radically the accepted orthodoxy that family predominated over ideology in the early 18th century. This article seeks to reassess Holmes's contribution to the study of the Lords in the light of research undertaken since the publication of British Politics and to suggest some ways in which Holmes's model, which remains broadly unassailable, might be reshaped.     

Understanding life through unwanted childlessness: Ethnography and fiction from Ghana,Bangladesh and ‘dystopia’ (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate)

Drawing on ethnographic work in Ghana and Bangladesh, and on a British dystopian novel, we sketch the social, emotional, and existential consequences of childlessness for women who desperately want a child, as is still common in the two countries where the authors carried out research. For these women, childlessness leads to loneliness and a sense of uselessness. Underlying these emotions is the notion that children constitute and personify continuity; childlessness thus stands for the discontinuation of life.     

Thalassaemia: Its diagnosis and interpretation in past skeletal populations

The diagnosis of thalassaemia in archaeological populations has long been hindered by a lack of pathogonomic features, and the non‐specific nature of cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis. In fact, clinical research has highlighted more specific diagnostic criteria for thalassaemia major and intermedia based on changes to the thorax (‘rib‐within‐a‐rib’ and costal osteomas). A recent re‐examination of 364 child skeletons from Romano‐British Poundbury Camp, Dorset revealed children with general ‘wasting’ of the bones and three children who demonstrated a variety of severe lesions (e.g. zygomatic bone and rib hypertrophy, porotic hyperostosis, rib lesions, osteopenia and pitted diaphyseal shafts) that are inconsistent with dietary deficiency alone, and more consistent with a diagnosis of genetic anaemia. Two of these children displayed rib lesions typical of those seen in modern cases of thalassaemia. The children of Poundbury Camp represent the first cases of genetic anaemia identified in a British archaeological population. As thalassaemia is a condition strongly linked to Mediterranean communities, the presence of this condition in a child from England, found within a mausoleum, suggests that they were born to wealthy immigrant parents living in this small Roman settlement in Dorset. This paper explores the diagnostic criteria for genetic anaemia in the archaeological literature and what its presence in ancient populations can contribute to our knowledge of past human migration. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Education,parenting and concepts of childhood in England,c. 1945 to c. 1979

Both education and parenting became increasingly ‘child-centred’, or ‘progressive’, in post-war England. This article contends that the impact of this shift for concepts of childhood, and for children themselves, was equivocal. Progressive methods were physically and emotionally demanding for both teachers and parents, and popularised versions of developmental psychology and psychoanalysis shaped a limiting concept of the child. This article also suggests, in line with recent work by Thomson and Shapira, that changing concepts of childhood map democratic selfhood because the capabilities that children lacked were those that must be possessed by the adult citizen. By exploring how children were defined in relation to adults, and how adults’ needs were increasingly subordinated to those of the child, this article also begins to question how we might usefully use age as a ‘category of historical analysis’.     

Changelings: transformative perceptions of San José's street children, 1965-1981

Between 1965 and 1981, Costa Ricans changed their perceptions of which characteristics they thought defined appropriate urban childhoods. By 1981, the model of a modern, urban Costa Rican child was that of a child who attended school, did not work on the streets, and played in specifically designated places. Children who did not fit this mold began, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, to be viewed as dangerous to society and as evidencing social pathology. Whereas children who worked on the streets during the 1960s were considered part of the urban landscape, and their childhoods, though difficult, were not perceived as deviant, these same children, two decades later, were viewed as marginal and problematic. To trace this change, this article focuses on the changing perceptions about children on the streets that writers for and public contributors to La Nación, one of the preeminent Costa Rican newspapers, show during the sixteen-year period under analysis.     

'J'y Suis, J'y Reste': The Parliamentary Statue of Oliver Cromwell by Hamo Thornycroft

The conservation of the statue of Cromwell by Hamo Thornycroft in 2009 (for full details and images see http://www.parliament.uk/about/visiting/exhibitions/cromwell_conservation.cfm ) provided an opportunity to review the history of this most controversial of parliamentary statues both within the context of the proposed statue programme for the new palace of Westminster and the development of British sculpture which the Royal Commission for the Fine Arts hoped to encourage with its commissioning programme. Whilst 2009 marked the 350th anniversary of Cromwell's death it was the tercentenary of his birth in 1899 which brought forward a clutch of statues, including parliament's, reflecting the Victorian reassessment, and indeed repopularisation of Cromwell, as a historical figure.     

Have tropical Africa's nationalisms continued imperialism's world revolution by other means?

Many scholars argue that European imperialism shaped today's tropical Africa, for better or worse. Some imperial historians see the British empire as a fertile capitalist pioneer, kindling class‐conscious, national, politics overseas. Economists of differing persuasions can see it, to the contrary, as the engineer of an underdevelopment that strangles popular sovereignty. Together with most Africanist historians, this article doubts that Europe had such creative or destructive power; British rule, among others, had to respond as much to African history as to metropolitan will. Anti‐colonial nationalisms, in turn, were neither class not ideological vanguards but regional coalitions. Nation‐building thereafter was an elusive aim, steered by minority visions imperfectly seen and widely disputed, from capitalism to socialism. All these complexities rest, it is widely argued, on the historic difficulty of exercising power in what was until recently an underpopulated continent with openly available resources.     

Harvest Years? Reconfigurations of Empire in Jamaica, 1756–1807

At the end of the Seven Years' War, Jamaican planters were in an extremely strong position within the British Empire. Immensely wealthy, geopolitically important and constitutionally assertive, Jamaican planters used their strong position to win a series of political battles against colonial governors in the 1750s and 1760s. In doing so, they justified their self-asserted claims to being entitled to British rights and privileges. Nevertheless, contemporaneous developments in metropolitan thinking about empire and white people's place in empire undermined planters' fond estimation of their position within empire. British thinkers came to see British West Indians, especially during and after the American Revolution, not as fellow citizens but as imperial subjects. The result was a cultural and ideological crisis for Jamaican planters as abolitionism emerged as a powerful political force, in which their insistence that they were British and entitled to the rights and privileges of Britons was not accepted. Thus, white Jamaicans became the first in a long line of settler peoples of British descent to have their claims to Britishness denied by metropolitan opinion. This article thus contributes to a developing discussion about settler constitutional rights within the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century British Empire.     

The adult North and the young South: Reflections on the civilizing mission of children's rights

The civilization of the children of the "savages" in the colonial world was seen as a crucial issue from early on was an inherent part of the colonization project in Africa, America and Oceania in the 19th century. The idea of civilizing "the savages," today's South, through children has continued in the post-colonial era with the development of mass-schooling systems and various child-focused development projects. This has led to an export of internationally defined standards for a "good childhood" through various foreign funded development programs in South. While many NGOs, legitimizing their work on the basis of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), are genuinely working for an improvement of children's conditions, they have also taken on the role as a second guardian in order to cultivate "proper" children and parents who can live up to the supposedly universal ideals of a "good childhood." The article adopts a critical view on the child rights movement by shedding light on the crucial role, which NGOs play as civilizing institutions in the South. The article specifically draws attention to the double-sided patronization of children and parents, and "infantilization" of nations in South, which implicitly lies beneath CRC and the child rights movement.