高原盛开邦锦花

今年是人类进入二十一世纪的头一年,在这一年里,西藏各族人民怀着喜悦的心情庆祝西藏和平解放五十周年。1951年5月21日,在首都北京中央人民政府与西藏地方政府的官员签定了“关于和平解放西藏的十七条协议”。“十七条协议”的签定标志着世界殖民强国肆意干涉西藏内政,企图把西藏从中华民族大家庭中分裂出去的阴谋彻底破灭。从此,西藏成为祖国大家庭中的一员,与五十六个兄弟民族一道建设新中国。“十七条协议”签定到今天已过去了整整半个世纪。半个世纪     

再读“十七条协议”

今年的5月23日是西藏和平解放协议签定50周年．发生在半个世纪以前的这一历史事件,对西藏社会发展进程产生的影响和作用是不容置疑的。同样不容置疑的,还有”十七条协议”产生的合法性,以及协议本身所具有的法律效力和法律地位。尽管至今仍有人一再地想否定“十七条协议”．但事实和真相总是以自己朴素的色彩匡正谬误。     

“十七条协议”与西藏旧制度的终结

新中国成立之初,中共中央和中央人民政府根据西藏的特殊情况,作出了和平解放西藏的战略决策,并与西藏地方政府签订了十七条协议。协议的根本任务是:维护国家主权,和平解放西藏,实现民族团结,解放军进驻西藏,驱逐帝国主义势力,在中央人民政府领导下实行民族区域自治;同时在处理西藏内部问题和旧制度问题上采取宽大让步、耐心等待的灵活政策。十七条协议体现出中央处理西藏问题的高超艺术,闪耀着把马克思主义基本原理与西藏具体情况相结合的光辉思想。回顾60年前十七条协议签订及其实施的历史,以及西藏社会从旧制度向新制度的巨变,留给我们诸多有益的思考。     

邓小平在西藏和平解放过程中的地位和作用

邓小平在西藏和平解放过程中的地位和作用 ,可以分为两大方面 :一是他结合西藏具体情况 ,主持制定了成为“十七条协议”基本依据和框架的十大政策 ,深刻体现了民族平等思想和民族区域自治思想 ;二是围绕坚定不移和平解放西藏的方针 ,遵照毛泽东的指示 ,和贺龙等西南军区领导人一起 ,有理、有利、有节地指挥打好打开和平大门的昌都战役 ,并对入藏部队“加以特殊的政治训练” ,为“十七条协议”的贯彻和执行呕心沥血。这一切 ,是他民族思想的深刻体现。     

争取和平解放西藏与昌都战役问题研究

争取和平解放西藏和筹划实施昌都战役是《关于和平解放西藏办法的协议》签订前西藏和平解放历史发展的两条主线。中央人民政府遏止了西藏“亲善使团”,并将“西藏代表团”定位为西藏“地方性的及民族性的代表团”,而争取其到北京与中央人民政府谈判西藏和平解放问题。历史没有给予避免昌都战役而实现昌都和平解放,进而推进西藏和平解放的客观条件。昌都战役“以打促和”,成为和平解放西藏的一个必经阶段。昌都战役从1950年10月6日开始,实际结束于10月21日。昌都战役后,达赖在和谈问题上有一个渐进而非急进的演变过程。     

读者来信

上海的刘瑞林：十七条协议的主要内容是什么？ 答：1949年10月中华人民共和国成立后,中央人民政府根据西藏的历史和现实情况,决定对西藏采取和平解放的方针。1951年1月正式通知西藏地方当局派代表到北京与中央人民政府举行谈判,在同年5月23日签订了《中央人民政府和西藏地方政府关于和平解放西藏办法的协议》,简称《十七条协议》。     

“英雄先遣连”进军西藏阿里

进军西藏,宜早不宜迟 新疆和平解放以后,党中央、毛泽东作出进军西藏的决策.1949年12月,毛泽东在出访莫斯科的专列上,急电中央:"进军西藏,宜早不宜迟."中央决定,分路从西康、云南、青海和新疆四个方向往西藏进军.     

十世班禅与西藏和平解放及班禅问题的解决

班禅返藏问题,不仅是十世班禅自己的问题,也是和平解放西藏、实现国家统一和民族团结的一大核心问题。他首先争取中共中央对自己地位的承认,提出解决班禅问题的方案和意见;接着在和平解放西藏的谈判中使班禅问题的解决在协议中规定下来。十七条协议签订后,他又采取积极措施使书面规定得到具体实现,顺利返藏。班禅问题得以解决的根本原因是中国共产党维护国家统一和民族团结的决心与正确的方针、步骤,十世班禅也作出了积极的努力和贡献。     

1949—1951年美国如何阻挠和破坏西藏和平解放

1949—1951年间,美国策划达赖喇嘛出走,破坏西藏和平解放。起初,美国反对达赖喇嘛离藏,支持噶厦抵抗人民解放军解放西藏。美国后来认识到不可能阻挡人民解放军的进军,因而要求达赖喇嘛流亡锡兰或泰国,不得已时到美国"避难"。《十七条协议》公布后,美国反对达赖喇嘛返回拉萨,要求达赖喇嘛在靠近西藏的地区流亡或"访问"印度。中华人民共和国中央人民政府采取因地制宜的措施,达赖喇嘛最终返回西藏并通电拥护《十七条协议》。美国的企图必然破灭,西藏的和平解放是历史发展的必然。     

1949—1951年美国如何阻挠和破坏西藏和平解放

1949—1951年间,美国策划达赖喇嘛出走,破坏西藏和平解放。起初,美国反对达赖喇嘛离藏,支持噶厦抵抗人民解放军解放西藏。美国后来认识到不可能阻挡人民解放军的进军,因而要求达赖喇嘛流亡锡兰或泰国,不得已时到美国"避难"。《十七条协议》公布后,美国反对达赖喇嘛返回拉萨,要求达赖喇嘛在靠近西藏的地区流亡或"访问"印度。中华人民共和国中央人民政府采取因地制宜的措施,达赖喇嘛最终返回西藏并通电拥护《十七条协议》。美国的企图必然破灭,西藏的和平解放是历史发展的必然。     

1954年中印协定与中印边界争端--和平共处五项原则创立50周年回顾

1954年中印协定是20世纪五六十年代中印边界争端中双方争论的一个焦点.当时的印度政府认为,1954年中印协定解决了中印之间包括边界在内的所有悬而未决的问题,是其主张的中印边界中段的条约依据,和平共处五项原则写入协定表明中国确认了印度政府主张的中印边界.中国政府认为,1954年中印协定和写入其中的和平共处五项原则与中印边界无关,更不能表明中国承认了印度主张的任何一段中印边界.中国政府的观点是符合历史事实的.印度政府坚持上述主张及其拒绝续签1954年中印协定的做法,只是为了把其主张的中印边界强加给中国,这对中印关系产生了极坏的影响.     

中法《重庆协议》与西、南沙群岛问题

西、南沙群岛是中国领土的一部分,越南对中国西、南沙群岛提出主权要求,并“寻找”了各种理由,其中之一是“中法《重庆协议》把在西沙和南沙的受降权交给了法国人”。但考察中法《重庆协议》后可知,该协议根本没有涉及到西、南沙群岛。     

Seeing the Wood for the Trees: The British Foreign Office and the Anglo-American Trade Agreement of 1938

The Anglo-American Trade Agreement of 1938 was signed againsta backdrop of escalating unease in Europe and a faltering policyof appeasement of the dictators. It is widely accepted thatthe Agreement was concluded more for its political than forits commercial value. Yet the negotiations were no simple affair,dragging on for over nine months and coming near to breakdownon several occasions. The complex negotiations are well documented,but the role of the British Foreign Office in determining policytowards the Agreement is less well known. What emerges is apicture of internecine struggle between the Foreign Office andthe Board of Trade over the direction of the negotiations. Asthe talks became bogged down in technical detail, the ForeignOffice made repeated representations to put the political valueof the deal before commercial considerations and adopt a moreconciliatory stance towards the Americans. The pleas of theForeign Office were made all the more difficult thanks to Americaninflexibility and Washington's determination to bargain hard.The talks were eventually resolved in the wake of the Munichagreement when both sides realised the time was right for ashow of Anglo-American solidarity, and not because of the exertionsof the Foreign Office. Yet this examination of Foreign Officeactivity during negotiation of the Agreement is illustrativenot only of how the Agreement was closed, but also of the suffocatingpower of British appeasement policy and the very determinedbelief of the Foreign Office in the centrality of achievingcloser relations with the United States in this dark preludeto war. ^* The author would like to thank the British Academy for awardinga Small Research Grant to complete this article.     

Assembling attachments to homes under bushfire risk

This research, conducted in the Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia, explores attachment to the home in the context of bushfire risk. The paper builds on existing research that has focused both on the home and on emplaced and mobile methods therein and seeks to understand the range of human and non‐human attachments. We situate our examination of attachment in the context of a bushfire‐prone suburban area to consider whether attachments to home may be influenced by an external risk. We use a mix of verbal, visual, and sensory methods (walking and image‐led interviews) to examine both verbal and sensorial articulations in place and in the home. We report on a stepwise analysis of place attachments, home, and bushfire risk. First and while interviewing, we moved with the participants inside and outside of their homes to understand how attachment to those sites was constructed and maintained. Second, we considered those encounters as assemblages of attachments to place. Finally, we studied those assemblages of home‐bound attachments in the context of the risk of bushfire in proximate suburbs.     

故宫养心殿燕喜堂琉璃构件表面污染物的清洗实验初步研究

古建筑琉璃瓦构件长期暴露在室外,受到风吹雨淋,加之大量的污染物影响,导致釉层剥落,严重影响其外观及艺术价值,也为后续的保护修复带来巨大影响。实验通过对琉璃构件污染物的检测,发现其污染物主要为黑色含炭的附着物,以及含有钙与铁的原有修复材料。分别用激光清洗、蒸汽清洗等手段进行清洗,通过视频显微与色差仪对其清洗效果评估。结果发现激光清洗能有效去除黑色含碳的附着物,蒸汽清洗则对于表面的灰尘与浅黑色污染物有显著的效果,手术刀片剔除法可以有效清除原有修复材料。本实验对于琉璃构件清洗保护流程及工艺可起到指导作用。     

Turkey and the European Union: A Review of Turkey’s Readmission Agreement

Our aim in this article is to analyze Turkey’s Readmission Agreement with the EU in light of Turkey’s membership goal. More specifically, our aim is to propose the most rational political decision for concluding this process. Our study addresses three questions: (1) the impact of the Readmission Agreement on Turkey’s accession negotiations; (2) the outcomes of the implementation of the Readmission Agreement for Turkey; and (3) Turkey’s aim of becoming a full member of the EU by concluding the Agreement. By assessing the three potential scenarios of the Readmission Agreement process—minimum, optimum, and maximum benefit—we conclude that, whereas the first scenario does not coincide with our analysis, the other two, especially the third scenario, do coincide with it. Because the optimum benefit scenario does not disrupt the Readmission Agreement process it appears to be the most rational, balanced and beneficial agreement for both Turkey and the EU.     

Heterogeneity of birth-state effects on internal migration

Working in a discrete location choice framework, we develop a model of migration that allows the identification of heterogeneity in state-of-birth effects across states. We employ a novel method for using aggregate data to estimate the role of birth state on migration choices. This approach reveals considerable heterogeneity and some regional clustering in birth-state inertia effects across states, with strong attachments in California, the Southwest, and the upper Midwest. The weakest attachments are in the mountain states and New York.     

Kimberley Friction: Complex Attachments to Water‐Places in Northern Australia

ABSTRACT Water, in all its physical, symbolic and metaphorical guises, has an obvious interconnection with people. Without water, human and other life forms cannot (and do not) exist. Less obvious is water's potential as a site of anthropological investigation to explore attachments to place. Such attachments, as Arturo Escobar observes, facilitate a multiplicity of place‐based cultures, and emerge when ‘connectivity, interactivity and positionality’ are present. His observation makes epistemological room for what Anna Tsing conceptualises as the ‘friction’ that permeates environmental and indigenous projects. Via Australian‐based Kimberley ethnographic insights, this article examines people's attachments to place‐based cultures when they become meaningful through multi‐layered tensions about water.     

Does time heal all wounds? Restoring place attachment in Halifax's Point Pleasant Park after Hurricane Juan

On September 29, 2003, Hurricane Juan profoundly altered Halifax's Point Pleasant Park, resulting in feelings of solastalgia (the distress caused by perceived negative changes to a beloved place) as park users mourned the loss of a place that held great significance for the city. Starting in 2008, over 100,000 trees have been planted in order to restore the original Acadian mixed forest to this landscape. Drawing on scholarly literature focused on place attachment and disaster recovery, this paper utilizes interviews (n = 11) and online surveys (n = 79) to determine whether long‐term park users have re‐established positive place attachments in conjunction with the park's restoration. Our results indicate that participants have largely overcome their solastalgic outlook and restored meaningful place attachments to the park. Unexpectedly, our results also suggest that long‐term participants have current place attachments that appear stronger than the place attachments expressed by participating short‐term users, who never experienced the traumatic impact of Hurricane Juan on Point Pleasant Park.