公元前5世纪阿尔戈斯的民主政治

公元前5世纪阿尔戈斯的民主政治诞生于塞佩亚战役的惨败以及随后公民队伍成分变化的过程中。在民主政治体制下,阿尔戈斯的基本制度包括公民大会、议事会和官员。与雅典等比较,阿尔戈斯官员的任期只有半年,并且受到议事会和公民大会的制约,民主特征鲜明。然而,阿尔戈斯议事会和官员的相对强势,公民大会出席者成分的限制,使它的民主政治更接近亚里士多德所界定的温和类型,其民主程度与雅典民主政治有一定距离:一方面,民主政治时代的阿尔戈斯虽然是一流强国,但它很少在希腊世界扮演决定性角色;另一方面,在竞争激烈的希腊城邦世界,阿尔戈斯成功维持了政治独立,特别是能够在大约二百年中保持政治稳定,一个很重要的原因,在于其民主的制度设计。对阿尔戈斯民主政治的研究,不仅有助于理解古典时代阿尔戈斯和伯罗奔尼撒的历史,也会丰富古代希腊民主政治的图景,有利于打破希腊史研究中雅典与斯巴达中心的倾向。     

与民众结盟——阿尔克迈翁家族与雅典民主的诞生

阿尔克迈翁家族是长期活跃于雅典政坛的一大显赫家族。该家族成员多次被流放但又都回到雅典重掌权力;曾与僭主竞争,又在僭主统治下任职;曾主持民主改革,又始终保持贵族理想。可以说,它的发展兴衰及其与其他家族的相互斗争深刻影响了古风时代的雅典政治。本文将回顾阿尔克迈翁家族在公元前6世纪的政治历程,以考量它对于雅典民主政治和公民意识形成的作用。意图指出阿尔克迈翁家族的相关斗争是民主诞生的原动力,而在贵族争夺过程中觉醒的公民意识,则逐渐具备更大的反作用力,两者共同促成了民主的诞生。     

伪色诺芬《雅典政制》史料价值初探

伪色诺芬《雅典政制》作为公元前5世纪后期雅典的历史文献,对于研究雅典政治状况、原提洛同盟"盟邦"与雅典的关系以及探析民主政治的实质具有重要的史料价值。作者主要从平民的权利、海上霸权两个方面论述雅典民主制保持完好的原因,评述"盟邦"主权遭到雅典侵夺的历史事实,从而证明雅典民主制乃是建立在全体雅典人对非雅典人剥削、奴役基础之上的。当政者所采取种种强化民主的措施,其目的都是为了维护雅典人的根本利益。     

演说与雅典民主政治

演说是雅典民主政治生活中极为常见的现象。它的兴盛是民主政治的一种内在需要,并且在民主政治生活中具有重要的作用。作为政治领袖的演说家正是通过演说影响甚至左右民众在公民大会上的决策和陪审员在公民法庭上的判决。因此,在雅典民主政治中,民众的决策需要政治领袖的建议和领导,政治领袖的建议和领导需要民众决策的认可和制约。雅典政治领袖的领导权和民众的决策权长期处于一种相互制约和平衡的状态,从而使雅典民主政治在长达二百多年的历史中处于一种相对稳定的状态。     

试析古代雅典民主产生的条件

试析古代雅典民主产生的条件廖学盛为什么在公元前６世纪至公元前４世纪的２００多年里,在古代希腊存在过雅典这样的实行民主制的城邦,这是全世界众多学者长期探索而迄今未取得共识的一个重要问题。笔者本人对于产生古代雅典民主的历史条件的认识,也在深化和完善。在关...     

僭主想象与公元前5世纪的雅典政治

传统观点认为,公元前5世纪雅典人的政治话语中,寡头制是民主制的对立面和死敌,雅典政治史是寡头派和民主派之间的斗争史。然而,由于雅典的民主政治话语继承了古风时代精英的反僭主传统,在公元前5世纪的雅典政治话语中,僭主才是民主制的死敌。僭主符号在雅典人的话语渠道不断地流传与再造,演变出一系列关于僭主的想象,发展成具有影响力的政治话语,在雅典政治实践中发挥着巨大作用。     

从雅典妇女地位看其民主政治局限性

有关古希腊雅典奴隶主民主政治议论颇多。笔者试图从妇女社会地位的角度揭示这一民主的局限性。古代雅典“妇女占居全邦人口的半数”,了解她们的政治地位、社会处境,可使我们更深刻认识这种民主政治的局限性,认识到这种民主从根本上无广泛性可言。伯利克里时代为雅典民主政治的“黄金时代”。然而,恰在此时,妇女的政治地位、社会地位低落到了极点。城邦公民充分享受的诸多政治权利——参加公民大会、担任公职等,均与妇女绝缘,不论出身如何,没有资格享有与男人等同的民主权利。民主政治成为极少数男性公民独占的特权,男性公民可为所欲为是这种民主的重要特征之一。人口中的“半边天”——为数众多的女性倍受歧视,发达一时的民主政治实质上是建立在父权制和大男子主义的基础之上的。     

古代民主政治和贵族政治的比较

在历史教学中,学生常提出如何对比古代民主政治和贵族政治这个问题,今就其主要之点谈谈个人的看法。不同的政治制度,对城邦的发展所起的作用极不相同。无疑,民主政治对激发公民的爱国主义热情和政治责任感,对公民智力的发展会产生了巨大的作用。摩尔根曾经高度评价了雅典的民主制度,他说:“雅典在新的政治体制下勃然兴起,声威并著。由于民主制度的鼓舞,天才洋溢,智慧跃进,雅典人已上升到了人类历史上诸民族中最卓越的地位”。“迄今为止,在全人类中,雅典人按其人口比例而言     

论雅典奴隶制民主政治的形成

论雅典奴隶制民主政治的形成顾銮斋雅典奴隶制民主政治的形成,作为古希腊史研究中的重大问题之一,古往今来深受学者关注。１９世纪格罗特等人认为,克利斯提尼改革确立了民主政体,雅典从此成为一个奴隶制民主共和国①。这一观点提出后,即为西方学者信奉不疑。仅以《剑...     

本期寄语

正本期"古代地中海文明"栏刊出两篇专题论文和两篇文献译注。陈超的《僭主想象与公元前5世纪的雅典政治》针对传统的将公元前5世纪雅典政治理解为寡头派和民主派之间斗争史的看法提出,由于雅典存在古风精英的反僭主传统,僭主才是该时期政治话语中民主制的死敌,僭主符号在雅典政治实践中发挥了巨大作用。吴桐与张强合作的《伊利昂反僭主法译注》是公元前三世纪初     

Ancient Athens: democracy and empire1

This paper looks at the principal features of the Athenian democracy in the fifth century BC and of the Delian League, the fifth-century alliance which became an Athenian empire, and asks how it was that at the same time the Athenians built up an unprecedented degree of democracy in their internal affairs and an unprecedented degree of rule over other Greek states.     

Participation and Rights in Athenian Democracy: A Habermasian Approach

This article analyzes the actual interaction of private and public immunities in ancient Athens, and argues that ancient democracy echoed to a greater extent than traditionally assumed the general dynamics and normative foundations of deliberative democracy. Without denying the important differences that distinguish ancient democratic Athens from modern democracy, I analyze the Athenian situation in light of Habermas's theory of deliberation, and argue that civic and individual liberties in Athens were democracy-enabling because they undergirded the exercise of collective political power. In Athens, the considerable respect accorded to the rule of law (as distinct from majority rule), legitimated private autonomy and created the circumstances that made collective self-government possible. Thus, this article contradicts the dichotomous approach to liberty held by some of the most prominent critics of Athens such as Isaiah Berlin and Benjamin Constant.     

公元前五世纪雅典法令铭文十篇译注

本文所选铭文系雅典在公元前5世纪中叶颁布的部分法令,集中反映出作为盟主之邦的雅典在政治、经济及司法等诸多方面对盟邦主权的肆意践踏,是解读该时期雅典历史的重要原始资料。国外古典学界对古希腊传世铭文的释读与研究极为重视,其中较权威的选本为R·梅格斯与D·刘易斯整理的《希腊历史铭文选》,亦是本文所依据的文本。     

民众的统治抑或奴隶主贵族阶级的寡头统治?——雅典民主政治新论

长期以来,学术界对雅典民主政治的认识一直存在"民众的统治"与"贵族和富人或者奴隶主阶级的寡头统治"两种截然对立的观点.本文通过对雅典民主政治中政治领袖与民众权力的考察和分析,得出结论:雅典民主政治既非"民众的统治",也不是"贵族和富人或者奴隶主阶级的寡头统治",而是民众与政治领袖的共治.民主政治权力为民众和政治领袖所共享.     

A GREEK METROLOGICAL KOINE: A LEAD WEIGHT FROM THE WESTERN BLACK SEA REGION IN THE ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM, OXFORD

Summary. A unique commercial lead weight from the western Black Sea region is examined in its metrological and historical context. The style and combination of relief symbols on the object (Athenian owl and Kyzikene tunny) suggest a quarter mina in a market weight system used equivalently at Athens and Kyzikos by the last quarter of the fifth century BC, and developed within a long-term process of broad commercial integration of the Aegean and Black Seas in Classical times. The authors consider such a process to have been caused by the economic motivations of individual city-states, not the direct Athenian imperialism expressed in the so-called Standards Decree.     

Immigration and Refugee Crises in Fourth-Century Greece: An Athenian Perspective

Abstract

The fourth-century B.C. was a period during which a large number of Greek cities were affected by civil wars, military conquests, and destruction, with the displacement of large numbers of men, women and children as a result. This has implications for the modern debate on Athenian attitudes to immigration, which normally focuses on just two groups of free non-citizens: adult, able-bodied men who moved to Athens voluntarily to take advantage of the city’s economic opportunities and (more recently) on the free non-citizen population who had come to Athens as slaves and who stayed on after their manumission. This article argues that refugees were likely to have constituted a considerable component of the migration to Athens during certain troubled periods in the course of the fourth century. This means that the size of Athens’s immigrant population was likely to have fluctuated considerably, that many of the refugees would have been destitute, that women and children (sometimes unaccompanied by adult male relatives) may have made up an even greater proportion of the non-citizen population than normally assumed, and, thus, that a considerable number of these immigrants would not have been able to contribute substantially to Athens’s grain trade or military. The implications of this for our assessment of the Athenian motives for admitting groups of refugees are discussed, and it is argued that the requirement that all male and all unaccompanied female immigrants had to find an Athenian sponsor and pay a special metic tax may have constituted a certain level of control over immigrant numbers.     

Giuseppe Mazzini and the democratic logic of nationalism

ABSTRACT. This article brings the thought of Giuseppe Mazzini back into the field of nationalism studies, from which it has been largely missing for a half century. It suggests the following: that Mazzini is much more modern and secular than he is usually portrayed; and that his commitment to liberal policies while rejecting liberal principles suggests that the distinction between civic and ethnic nationalism has been misconceived. Nationalism, to Mazzini, was not an end in itself but a means to an end – government of, by and for the people. The demand for such a government was manifested in three popular demands in nineteenth‐century Europe: in the West as democracy, in the East as national sovereignty (the precondition for democracy) and in both East and West as social democracy. Thus nationalism may be instrumental rather than an end in itself, and it may be attributable not to ethnic groups' natural striving for autonomy but to the pursuit of democracy.     

贵族话语与雅典民主政治的关系——以“刺杀僭主”叙事为中心

传统观点认为,虽然古典时期的雅典人创造了民主制,但并未发展出相应的民主政治话语,贵族的传统价值观和意识形态始终在民主政治中居于主导地位。然而,对"刺杀僭主"叙事的分析表明,贵族发明的话语传统可以在公共空间内被大众转化为城邦的政治话语,进而在新的历史语境中被民主化,为民主政治话语提供符号、仪式和形象,成为民主制的有机组成部分。这说明,古典时期雅典民主政治对旧时代政治符号的继承,并不等于贵族话语对民主政治的胜利。能够在新的政治语境中对旧叙事进行创造性改编,反而说明民主政治有能力利用旧传统的养分,创造出属于自身的政治话语。     

How Can Liberal Democracies Defend Themselves against Tyranny?

Tyranny in the modern era turned toward totalitarianism through the idea that human nature needed to be “perfected”; communism's enemy was a matter of class, Nazism's a matter of race. Democracy would seem by definition to resist such ideologies, but even the modern democratic state now possesses mechanisms that can be turned in tyrannical directions: regulatory powers, social welfare systems, and the new tools of artificial intelligence and “big data.” American democracy has been trending toward the “direct” form of democracy that the Founders recognized in ancient Athens and were determined to avoid, a degree of popular sovereignty capable of producing demands upon government that, in turn, could transform a people's government into a government's people. The best defense may be found in classic American literature's examination of national character and identity.     

Hobbes et le Républicanisme

Hobbes criticizes the theory of mixed government without presenting this mixed government as republican. For him criticizing republicanism means criticizing the definition of freedom as the participation of citizens in the debate on matters concerning them all. We can find the main points of this criticism in theElements of law natural and politic and in theDe cive. InLeviathan Hobbes summarizes this criticism and makes it more dogmatic, while developing in a new way the idea that in all regimes there is an identity of essence in sovereignty. This idea is at variance with the republican thesis stating a difference of nature between free regimes and those that are not and makes it possible to take the Roman republic or the Athenian democracy as models.