扶贫开发促进民和经济大发展

近年来,民和回族土族自治县通过实施扶贫开发项目,全县贫困地区面貌发生了历史性的深刻变化,为经济发展、政治稳定、民族团结、社会和谐、建设小康创造了有利条件。 整村推进改变了村貌。2004年-2007年民和共投入各类扶贫资金5915．2万元,在62个贫困村实施了扶贫开发整村推进项目,共引进杂种母牛907头,良种羊38016只,良种猪3589头;     

How Road Traffic Injuries Affect Household Welfare in Cambodia Using the Millennium Development Goals Benchmarks

This paper reveals the welfare costs of traffic injuries in Cambodia at the beginning of a decade in which greater research and resources will be focused on road safety. The results quantify how road traffic injuries affect progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) using survey data from 100 Cambodian households. The median age of the police-reported casualties was 28 years and 68 per cent were male. In terms of poverty (MDG1), injuries resulted in a 21 per cent loss of income for the 542 household residents. The poorest households, and those with a seriously injured resident, were worst affected. Primary education (MDG2) drop-out rates were eight times the province average. The gender (MDG3) income gap widened by 28 per cent, whilewomen bore 88 per cent of the burden of care for the injured. In terms of child health and mortality (MDG4), 31 per cent of respondents reported adeterioration in child health, while 24 per cent of respondents reported a deterioration in maternal health (MDG5). The households reported rates of priority diseases (MDG6) at twice the national average. Environment (MDG7) outcomes included increased wood fuel use and stagnation in improving drinking water access, with no apparent development partnership (MDG8) to address the negative welfare impacts of road traffic injury.     

The Rationale Determining Advocacy Coalitions: Examining Coordination Networks and Corresponding Beliefs

The contemporary trend within natural resource governance sees a strong increase in collaborative management. A successful turnout of these arrangements is, however, dependent upon the formation and characteristics of advocacy coalitions. Uncovering the rationale determining coalitions is therefore a key undertaking in policy analysis and the advocacy coalition framework (ACF) has been widely applied for this purpose. This article aspires to test several important hypotheses regarding the nature of coordination networks and the formation of coalitions, treating the ACF both as an inspiration and as a framework in need of further refinement. This is done in the context of a complex and conflict‐ridden policy subsystem: the Swedish carnivore‐management subsystem. The results indicate, firstly, that perceived belief correspondence, and not perceived influence, is the driving mechanism behind coordination; and, secondly, that the catalog of beliefs shared by actors within a coalition is composed by policy core beliefs, in particular, with a more normative content, while no connection between deep core beliefs and coordination is found.     

Poverty Reduction with Growth and Redistribution

In the late 1990s the bilateral and multilateral development agencies placed increasing emphasis on poverty reduction in developing countries. This led to the establishment by the United Nations of the ‘International Development Targets’ for poverty reduction. The target of poverty reduction might be achieved through faster economic growth alone, through redistribution, or through a combination of the two. This article presents an analytical framework to assess the effectiveness of growth and redistribution for poverty reduction. It concludes that redistribution, either of current income or the growth increment of income, is more effective in reducing poverty for a majority of countries than growth alone.     

The Stadium and Economic Development: Cardiff and the Millennium Stadium

Cardiff, in common with other cities in the UK, has increasingly identified the attraction of major sporting events as a potential driver of economic development. This policy in large part depends on the ability of the Millennium Stadium to attract these events, and for local agencies to lever the maximum consequent regional benefit. This article examines the development of the Cardiff stadium, through its construction and hosting of the 1999 Rugby World Cup, to operations in the longer term. Drawing in part upon the substantial American narrative, the article examines whether the city centre stadium is likely to drive wider city or regional economic development, and considers the likely success of an events-based development strategy.     

The Form and Function of Poverty: Examining National Identity through Public Housing Architecture

Abstract

Lawrence J. Vale tells us that “grand symbolic state buildings need to be understood in terms of the political and cultural contexts that helped to bring them into being,” ¹ 1. Lawrence J. Vale, Architecture, Power, and National Identity (London: Routledge, 1992), 3. and that these buildings can help us understand our national identity. But all buildings are part of a broader political and cultural context. Even unimpressive state-funded buildings express meaning about the politics, power, and priorities of a nation. Because these buildings are not purposefully symbolic, their symbolism has the potential to provide a less contrived—though perhaps less appealing—portrayal of the nation in which they are built. Public housing provides an example of this idea. Public housing in the United States is latent with negative meanings that are reinforced and perpetuated by its architecture, siting, and design. This article examines three historical and iconic public housing communities and analyzes the meanings of these spaces through Goodman's four frames of reference—denotation, exemplification, metaphorical expression, and mediated reference—to determine what these spaces, as architecture, say about the American national identity and our relationship with public housing.     

States, Markets and Governance for Emerging Market Economies: Private Interests, the Public Good and the Legitimacy of the Development Process

States, markets, and governance are among the pressing issues of our day. The global market exerts dynamic pressures on our societies, economic agents, and systems of government, especially in the developing world. Typically, most analysis begins with the idea that global markets have increasingly intruded upon the capacity of the institutions of government to manage the process of change. Our societies are seen as increasingly subject to the vagaries of market forces, to the delight of some and the regret of others.
This article argues that much thinking about states and markets is flawed, making it highly likely that policy-makers, among others, will commit mistakes in their responses to the undoubted pressures for change. If we alter the way we think about the state and the market, we will see opportunities to change what we do about them and how they evolve over time. The article argues that we should retreat from understandings of the market and governance that involve a clear distinction between states and markets, proposing a radical reformulation wherein states and markets are no longer seen as separate entities, but as a state-market 'ensemble of governance', or 'condominium'. Drawing on Adam Smith, this approach leads to a reinterpretation of the relationship between private interests in market processes and the wider public good. This model is used to interpret contemporary patters of global trade and finance, and the article concludes that this new way of thinking can help us to realise better our normative preferences about the sort of world in which we wish to live.     

善治视野下的党政关系

善治作为一种新的治理,给政府管理改革带来了机遇,也给中国共产党的执政带来了新的要求。善治要求调整党政机构的设置,实现党政关系运转的有效性;要求理顺党政职能的定位,提高党政关系信息公开的透明性;要求规范党政运作的方式,实现党政关系规范的法制性。     

Poverty Reduction and SAM Multipliers: An Evaluation of Public Policies in a Regional Framework

The objective of this paper is to obtain several poverty reduction effects by using multipliers based on social accounting matrices. Expressions relating them to Foster, Greer and Thorbecke poverty measures were derived, and two simulations were carried out for the Spanish region of Extremadura. In the first, we posited a per capita transfer equivalent to certain social policy instruments already existing in this region. Structural path analysis is also used to determine the paths by which poverty reduction effects are transmitted. In the second, we calculate the minimum government expenditure in transfers needed to reduce the regional poverty indices to the national values. The results confirmed that the main feature of poverty in Extremadura is incidence.     

Global Poverty and Inequality: Change and Continuity in Late Development

This contribution assesses the ‘converging divergence’ thesis that global inequality is falling and national inequality is rising. The article argues that falling global inequality is primarily due to China's development and that national inequality has risen in some developing countries and fallen in others. In light of the dominance of China's development in the global picture, questions arise as to what has changed and what has not changed outside of China. A set of changes and continuities is presented. It is then argued that these changes and continuities provide for the contemporary relevance an older conceptual lens — that of ‘late development’.     

Governance,the State and the Politics of Development

Current western aid and development policy aims to promote ‘good governance’ in the third world. Few would deny that competent, open and fair administration is both a worthy aim and a self-evident requirement of development. However, the current orthodoxy clearly illustrates the technicist fallacy, which is implicit in the following quotation from Pope, that the effective administration or ‘management’ of development is essentially a technical or practical matter. This article argues that development is fundamentally a political matter and that it is illusory to conceive of good governance as independent of the forms of politics and type of state which alone can generate, sustain and protect it. For Forms of Government, let fools contest; Whate'er is best administered, is best. (Pope, 1734: Bk 3, lines 303-4).     

探索农村基层治理与脱贫致富结合之路

湘西自治州各族人民紧紧抓住国家西部大开发、扶贫开发、中部崛起等战略机遇,在农村积极探索基层治理与脱贫致富结合之路,把基层治理效果体现在脱贫致富成果上,实现农民富、集体富、村干富。注重加强村级领导班子建设,充分发挥村级党组织在推进农村基层治理与脱贫致富中的核心引领作用;加强党员队伍先进性建设,充分发挥党员干部在推进农村基层治理与脱贫致富中的模范带头作用;凝聚人民群众力量,充分发挥人民群众在推进农村基层治理与脱贫致富中的主体性作用。     

A Bigger Piece of a Very Small Pie: Intrahousehold Resource Allocation and Poverty Reduction in Africa

Feminist research has convincingly shown that an increase in household income does not necessarily lead to improvement in the well‐being of all members of the household. More questionable is the policy conclusion often drawn from this research for rural Africa: redressing gender imbalance in control of productive resources will significantly reduce poverty. This contribution argues that the evidence and analysis presented by two studies repeatedly cited to show that gender inequality is inefficient are problematic. It is mythical to suggest that tinkering with women's market position by exchanging unequal collective rights to productive resources for individual ones will decisively reduce rural poverty in Africa. That will depend on the restructuring of long‐term and deeply unequal processes of integration in the market, not on a firmer insertion of women within existing patterns of individualization and commodification of productive resources.     

新中国前30年减贫的历史性贡献及经验启示

新中国前30年是向贫困宣战的30年.新中国反贫困并非只是小规模救济性扶贫,而是制度变革式、生产发展式和全面建设式扶贫减贫.这些宏大的减贫工程,彻底改变了中国人的极端贫困状况,实现了从低人类发展阶段向中下等人类发展阶段的跨越,为摆脱贫困和改善人民生活打下了坚实基础.改革开放前30年减贫经验为改革开放以来改革扶贫、开发扶贫和新时代精准脱贫提供了重要启示.     

The Archaeology of Poverty and the Poverty of Archaeology

In this Editor’s Introduction to this Special Contribution, I explore some central issues surrounding the archaeology of poverty and ponder why it has taken historical archaeologists so long to “discover” poverty as a research topic.