内蒙古赤峰市大山前遗址夏家店上层文化“祭祀坑”出土人骨稳定同位素分析

本文应用稳定同位素分析技术对内蒙古赤峰市大山前遗址夏家店上层文化"祭祀坑"出土人骨中的C、N同位素比值进行了测定。结果显示:大山前遗址夏家店上层文化时期先民食物结构以C4类植物为主,很有可能来源于粟、黍和稷,肉类食物在食物结构中占有一定的比例,暗示出饲养业和畜牧业在当时的经济生活中已经占据重要的位置。本文的研究为复原内蒙古东南部地区特别是赤峰地区青铜时代人群的经济生活模式提供了重要的科学依据。     

新疆多岗墓地出土人骨的碳氮稳定同位素分析

拜城多岗墓地是新疆西部发现的墓葬数量较多的墓葬群之一,墓葬情况复杂,葬俗葬式多样,是早期铁器时代的研究资料。本文对于采集到的该墓地41具人骨进行碳氮稳定同位素分析,探讨多岗居民的饮食状况;并结合墓葬类型、随葬品种类,男女性别以及考古学分期等对不同条件人们的食物差别进行考察,为该区域早期铁器时代居民的饮食结构研究提供依据。分析结果显示,多岗居民δ15N平均值为12.56‰,表明食物中有较多的肉类;而δ13C分析平均值为-14.77‰,相应植物类食物中C4类植物为40%左右。参考周边遗址的出土遗存,其C4类植物应为粟或黍。     

周原遗址西周时期人骨的稳定同位素分析

通过对周原遗址西周时期人骨的C、N稳定同位素分析可知,该地居民食物以粟、黍等C4类为主,肉食以C4类型家畜为主,反映了发达的粟作农业和家畜养殖业。等级结构和地域差异是影响遗址内居民饮食状况的主要因素。以齐镇东地点为例,中层贵族日常饮食以C4类为主导并伴有大量肉类;下层贵族和一般平民饮食虽也以C4类为主导,但肉食量有所下降且个体间差异较大;低等平民或奴隶则基本无肉食,个别还摄入较多C3类食物作为补充。另外,遗址内齐家村东人群的δ¹⁵N值较齐镇东人群普遍偏高,这可能与该地临近河流湖泊,居民生前摄入较多淡水鱼类和蚌类有关,显示出大型都邑性遗址内部人群构成的复杂性。     

新砦遗址出土部分动物骨的碳氮稳定同位素分析

新砦遗址地处中原,年代为龙山文化晚期与二里头文化一期之间。通过应用碳氮稳定同位素分析方法对于新砦遗址2002年发掘期间出土动物骨的分析显示,家畜的食物均是以C4类植物为主,而结合遗址出土植物遗存的研究结果,C4类植物应为粟黍。其食物之间的差异表明,该遗址不同种类家畜之间的饲养方式有所不同。     

霞浦屏风山遗址1件未知属性猪骨的碳和氮稳定同位素分析

霞浦屏风山贝丘遗址出土了1件未知属性猪骨样本,拟通过骨样的C、N稳定同位素分析,揭示此猪个体生前的食物结构特征,通过与已发表有关数据进行对比来推断该猪的属性。为此,对该骨样进行了骨胶原提取和碳氮稳定同位素比值测定。测得该猪骨样本骨胶原的δ~(13)C值为-12.2‰,δ~(15)N值为4.9‰。碳同位素比值显示该猪的食物结构中既包含C_3类植物,也包含C_4类植物,但更偏向于C_4类植物。而氮同位素比值则表明此猪个体营养级较低,摄入肉食较少,但仍高于对照组野猪及部分陆地野生哺乳动物的营养级。综合分析,研究认为该猪的食物结构在一定程度上依赖于人类的供应,应该是驯养的家猪。同时,该猪食物结构中的碳四植物来源提示该遗址可能存在粟作农业。     

浙江塔山遗址人和动物骨的C、N稳定同位素分析

探讨塔山先民食物结构和生计方式,有助于全面揭示塔山遗址及其所在的长江下游地区新石器时期先民的稻作农业发展、动植物资源利用情况和史前文化面貌等考古学信息。塔山遗址动物和先民骨骼胶原蛋白C、N稳定同位素分析表明,野生动物属于陆生系统C3草食性食物结构。家猪的食物来源中C3植物类食物占主体,兼有一些δ15N值较高的食物,可能与人的饲喂活动有关。人主要依赖于C3类食物,这可能来自水稻等C3类食物的贡献。结合考古学资料,对比动物和先民稳定同位素结果,发现塔山先民主要依赖稻作农业经济,可能辅以少量采集经济。毗邻大海的塔山先民摄取的动物蛋白资源并不是来自海生系统,而主要来自基于陆生系统的渔猎经济,少量来自家畜饲养。     

从渔猎采集到食物生产:大连广鹿岛小珠山遗址动物驯养的稳定同位素记录

本文通过对小珠山遗址动物遗存的碳氮稳定同位素分析发现,小珠山遗址第二期开始,海洋性食物对于遗址狗的饲养具有非常重要的贡献,而从小珠山遗址第三期开始部分狗的食物中已经有了大量的粟作农业产品。值得注意的是,根据碳同位素可以看出,小珠山遗址第三期开始,部分猪的食物中明显包含少量的C4类食物。鉴于从小珠山遗址第三期开始猪骨的数量比例大幅度增加、同时三期又出现了用粟类食物喂养的狗,我们保守的认为小珠山遗址第三期时期广鹿岛已经出现了家猪。结合猪和狗的食物结构,我们认为至少从小珠山遗址第三期开始,粟作农业生产就开始对小珠山遗址的家畜饲养产生了一定的影响。     

依据长野县出土人骨的碳、氮同位素比值和微量元素含量恢复古代人类的食物结构

本研究通过对长野县绳纹时代中期（距今４０００年前左右）到江户时代（距今２５０年前左右）的８个遗址中出土的３８块人骨进行碳、氮同位素分析和无机成分的微量元素分析,探讨了本地区居民长达约４０００年的食物结构演变过程。结论有以下两点：１．由同位素分析可知,本地区居民从绳纹时代中期到江户时代初期基本上以Ｃ３植物作为主食,与从绳纹时代到中世纪的大致完全依赖于Ｃ３植物相对比,在江户时代显示出有利用海产品的可能性。这次分析的样品中没有发现以属于Ｃ４植物（杂粮,一般认为是内陆地区的日常主食）为主食的个体。此外,通过对北村绳纹时代遗址出土的１７块人骨的碳同位素比值分析,还发现当时男女食物结构并不完全一致。２．通过对北村绳纹时代遗址出土的１块人骨样品进行的微量元素分析,反映出同位素分析所表明的Ｃ３植物可能主要是锥栗属和板栗属。     

基于人牙结石的淀粉粒证据探讨裴李岗遗址先民植物性食物来源

人牙结石淀粉粒分析是开展古代居民食物来源研究的有效途径之一。用此方法对河南新郑裴李岗遗址仅存的两具裴李岗文化人骨牙齿上的结石开展了淀粉粒分析,成功提取出38颗淀粉粒,其中可鉴定种属的淀粉粒主要来自于栎属、豆科和块茎类等非农作物,少量有可能来自于粟黍类作物。虽然分析样品较少,提取出的淀粉粒数量不多,但这一结果或许表明采集植物有可能构成了裴李岗遗址居民植物性食物的主体。结合贾湖、莪沟、石固和寨根等裴李岗文化遗址的植物考古学研究,裴李岗文化居民的食物结构具有广谱性特征。本研究为全面认识中原地区裴李岗文化居民食物构成和聚落生业经济,深入探讨中原地区早期农业形成过程等提供了新思路和新证据。     

稳定同位素视角下双墩文化时期的家畜饲养策略研究——以禹会村遗址为例

双墩文化是一支分布于淮河中游地区、独具特色的新石器时代考古学文化,其年代跨度约为7500—7000BP,本文通过对禹会村遗址出土动物骨骼开展碳、氮稳定同位素分析,探讨该遗址的家畜饲养策略。结果显示,禹会村遗址猪群的稳定同位素值整体上反映出以C₃类植物为主的食物结构特征,与大、中型鹿科动物比较相似。虽然动物考古的相关分析表明遗址的猪群是以家猪为主,伴有少量野猪、返野家猪等,但猪群个体之间的稳定同位素值很相似,反映了相近的食物结构。植物考古的研究表明,禹会村遗址及所在地区,在双墩文化时期以采集为主,辅以小规模的水稻种植。在这种背景下,禹会村遗址的古人对家猪采取较为松散的管理方式,其食物主要来自于自然环境。禹会村、侯家寨一期和双墩三处遗址的猪群,整体上的食物结构比较相似,但双墩遗址中3例以C₄类植物为食的猪可能非本地饲养。双墩遗址作为一处中心型聚落,其在外来稀有资源的占有上优于另外两处遗址,这也反映了这一时期随着文化的交流、社会发展,聚落间的差异和分化逐渐显现。     

苏家村遗址烧土样品的过火温度研究

烧土制品作为最早的人工建筑材料,使人类的居住环境得到了根本性的改善。然而,学界关于烧土建筑的成因存在人为烘烤处理、缘自火焚、废弃习俗等多种观点。通过科技手段研究烧土制品的过火温度,有助于科学分析烧土建筑的成因,探讨与之相关的建筑工艺,丰富史前建筑史研究。磁学研究表明,考古遗址中的土壤及其他沉积物在受热后新生成了磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿等强磁性矿物导致磁性显著增强,且矿物成分和磁性几乎不会再发生变化;但当重烧的温度接近或大于原始烧成温度时,样品中原始矿物的破坏或新矿物的生成,会引起矿物磁性的改变。基于这一原理,实验室内分析受热黏土的磁化率随再加热温度的变化特征,可反映烧土制品的过火温度。苏家村遗址是大汶口文化晚期至龙山文化中期早段一处重要的聚落遗址,遗址中第5层为厚约20～40 cm的红烧土层且覆盖整个遗址,推测为房屋倒塌造成的建筑垃圾堆积层或人为堆积层,出土大量烧土块。本研究利用X射线衍射分析法、X射线荧光光谱分析法和磁化率法等对苏家村遗址出土的烧土样品开展了组成及构造特征和样品的过火温度的综合分析。结果表明,苏家村遗址烧土样品中的白灰层中人为地添加了白色陶土原料,土层中有意地添加了植物残骸作...     

Determining Olmec maize use through bulk stable carbon isotope analysis

Bulk stable carbon isotope analysis on absorbed organic residues in ceramics can be an effective method for discerning patterns of maize use when the ceramics come from relatively uniform archaeological contexts. The bulk stable carbon isotope method is faster and less costly than the more commonly used compound-specific stable carbon isotope analysis. Moreover, the bulk stable carbon isotope method can determine the presence of C4 plant carbon in samples in which organic compounds have degraded. Bulk stable carbon isotope analysis was used to discern patterns of maize (Zea mays mays) use among a sample of 24 ceramic sherds from an Early Franco Period feasting deposit (ca. cal 650 B.C.) at the Olmec site of San Andrés, La Venta, Tabasco, Mexico. A comparison of the δ 13C results of different categories of ceramics showed that proportionally more maize was used in luxury beverage service wares than in utilitarian vessels, suggesting that maize-based beverages were prominent in this probable elite feasting episode.     

安徽铜陵师姑墩遗址出土原始瓷的初步分析研究

通过对铜陵师姑墩遗址出土的29件原始瓷进行的检测分析表明,师姑墩原始瓷胎为高硅低铝型,部分器物胎体的Fe_2O_3和TiO_2含量较高;釉属高温钙釉,釉中Mn和P含量相对较高,其可能由草木灰引入,部分器物釉中含较高的Fe_2O_3,致使釉色较深。这一结果为皖南地区先秦时期原始瓷手工业发展研究提供了新的科学依据。     

Origin of Reddened and Melted Zones in Pleistocene Sediments of the Olorgesailie Basin,Southern Kenya Rift

Hardened red zones and rare melt rocks are puzzling and rare features in the Middle Pleistocene sediments of the Olorgesailie Formation of the southern Kenya Rift. We propose that combustion metamorphism and melting produced these zones. This is evidenced by field observations, chemical composition, X-ray diffraction and melting experiments. Plant-rich beds and disbursed plant matter served as fuel. Probably lightning generated surface fires that ignited carbonaceous beds exposed in gullies. The burning then proceeded underground. Melt rocks and red thermally metamorphosed zones within beds distinguish combustion metamorphism from reddening of paleosols by surface vegetation fires. Diagenetic oxidation has removed much of the carbonaceous material from the paleosols and marsh deposits, except where they are included in dense metasediments. Extraordinarily high temperatures of about 1200°C, which are essential to producing the melt rocks, required plant matter buildup, burial of the plant fuel under at most a few metres of sediment, and then rapid burning under dry conditions. This sequence of events points to one or more extreme droughts between 601,000 and 493,000 years ago, the period represented by upper Member 12 and Member 13 of the Olorgesailie Formation. Combustion metamorphism was not recognized in early studies at Olorgesailie, partly because it is not a widely taught nor published subject. Other Pleistocene East African basins and similar sites may contain as yet unrecognized products of combustion metamorphism that may prove of paleoclimatological importance.     

ANOTHER ONE BITES THE DUST: QUALITY CONTROL AND FIRING TECHNOLOGY IN THE PRODUCTION OF MEDIEVAL GREYWARE CERAMICS IN CATALONIA,SPAIN

The following study sheds new light on the quality control procedures of ancient potters by comparing cooking vessels exported from the medieval kiln‐site of Cabrera d'Anoia (Barcelona) with ‘wasters' that were discarded at source. The firing temperature of examined sherds indicates that only pots subjected to a maximum temperature of 800–850°C were offered for sale. The potters at Cabrera d'Anoia appear to have been fully aware of the optimal balance between thermal and physical shock resistance of vessels fired within this range and strived to control firing in order to achieve better products than that of competing workshops.     

利用探地雷达技术对河西杨根系影响甘肃高台明长城遗址的研究

植物根系的生长和腐烂对土遗址具有不同程度的破坏作用,影响其长久保存。为确定明代长城土遗址本体内树木根系的生长分布情况,本研究利用探地雷达技术,对甘肃高台境内的明代长城遗址内生长的河西杨根系进行了探测研究。结果表明:河西杨根系主要分布于探测区域北侧,并由北向南延伸,周围分布有侧根,根系主要分布在深度为35~85cm范围内,主根直径约为12cm。400MHz天线的探测深度可达2m,而900MHz天线具有较高的探测精度,二者结合使用可更好地判断地下根系的生长情况。本研究首次获得遗址内根系三维图像,并在不破坏土遗址结构的前提下,确定了树木根系的分布状况。该技术为长城遗址保护方案的制定和加固修复措施的开展提供了重要的科学依据。     

广州榄园岭遗址先民祭祀遗迹的炭屑和植硅体分析

祭祀是先民生活的重要组成部分之一。尽管贵族祭祀活动的研究较多,但平民祭祀遗迹却由于发现较少而难以深入分析。广州榄园岭遗址春秋时期墓葬群中发现了越文化中常见的碎物祭祀坑。本研究对若干墓葬和相关祭祀坑中的填土开展了炭屑和植硅体分析。结果表明,先民在祭祀坑中有意燃烧过植物类祭品;用作祭品的植物种类较杂,包含扇型、棒型、方型或刺球型等植硅体。结合其他遗址中出现的类似现象,榄园岭先民的祭祀活动,应是在因地制宜、就地取材的基础上,吸收了苗蛮文化的因素,同时影响了其他地区。这一发现为探索先秦古人的祭祀行为提供了丰富信息;此外,炭屑和植硅体分析为确定祭祀遗迹提供了新的研究范式。     

THE ORCE BASIN (ANDALUCÍA, SPAIN) AND THE INITIAL PALAEOLITHIC OF EUROPE

Recent excavations in southern Spain have led to claims that humans were present in this part of Europe much earlier than had been generally believed — perhaps as early as 1.8–1.4 million years ago. The evidence from the Orce basin is summarized and discussed. Initial work at a newly discovered site, Fuentenueva 3a, indicates a good chance that genuine artefacts may indeed be present in early Pleistocene levels. Further excavation at this site can be expected to settle the matter in due course.     

Evaluating the Risk of Plant Closure in the Automotive Industry in Spain

This study looks at the reorganization of production in the context of a multi-plant firm in the automotive industry. Changes in such firms may result in the closure of some plants and/or the opening of others. The article provides a method for assessing the risk of plant closure, and then applies that method to a specific case: the automotive plants located in the Spanish region of Navarre. This entails acknowledging the factors that increase what has come to be known as the “degree of vulnerability” of the plant, including sunk costs and relative productivity levels. This paper can also be understood as a source of information for designing developmental after-care programmes for foreign direct investors in the periphery of the European Union.     

Study on the source of raw material and firing technique of glazed tiles bodies in the Ming Imperial palace site,Nanjing, China

This article considered glazed tiles excavated from the Ming Imperial Palace site in Nanjing as the research object. Glazed tiles were selected and analyzed via vacuum porosimeter, thermal dilation (TD), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) to determine their physical property, firing temperature, phase composition, and chemical composition, respectively. Results show that the firing temperature of body belongs to the temperature range (of 950–1,100°C), whereas the water absorption and apparent porosity are large. The phase composition of glazed tile bodies is the same (predominantly quartz and mullite). However, some samples contain trace amounts of rutile, hematite, sodalite, and orthoclase. The firing temperature combined with the phase composition indicates that the raw material and firing process of glazed tile body samples have similarities, which embody of the strict and unified management system of the official kiln. The raw materials of glazed tile body in the Ming Imperial Palace site may come from Dangtu glazed kiln, whereas the rest of the samples remains to be explored. This study provides a scientific basis for understanding the evolution of glazed tile-making technology in ancient China, and is important for the protection and repair of glazed buildings in the Ming Dynasty.