内战以后美国南部的“农业阶梯”问题

农业阶梯理论以土地所有权的有无和程度为衡量标准 ,意在揭示人们从租佃农向自耕农的奋斗历程。本文在考察了内战以后美国南部种植园地区租佃农经济地位的变动状况之后得出结论 :南部不但不存在“农业阶梯” ,反而存在一种“反阶梯”趋势 ,这种趋势根源于南部自身的社会经济 ,而其根本推动力是大西洋经济圈资本主义经济的发展。     

South American problems: A review

ABSTRACT

Tourism can be potentially disruptive for the recipient communities; particularly for residents who do not directly benefit from the spending of tourists. To this end in the 1970s George Doxey derived an ‘irridex’, and this is assessed in this paper in the Manx context. The Isle of man Tourist Trophy Motorcycle Races involve road closures and are potentially disruptive to the lives of many residents. Survey results show that Manx residents do not, however, find the races unacceptably disruptive or intrusive. As such, questions are raised on the nature of environmentally disruptive tourism.     

试探美国南部奴隶制种植园的形成

美国南部的奴隶制种植园形成于殖民地时期。种植园最初在北美大陆出现之际,主要是指在开拓的一块土地上相对集中地生产市场所需要的大宗商品作物,它并没有特定的劳动制度。黑人奴隶制的劳动制度是在以后的发展中逐渐形成的历史特征。在以弗吉尼亚和马里兰为中心的上南部和以南卡罗来纳为代表的下南部,奴隶制种植园经历了不同的形成道路。上南部的烟草种植园在北美奴隶制种植园的形成和发展过程中占据主导地位。奴隶制种植园对美国南部近代社会经济和历史发展产生了巨大而深远的影响。     

Volume density of South American camelid skeletal parts

This paper provides a set of volume density values for skeletal parts of lama (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Camelidae). The method by which these values were obtained is described and compared with published data of densitometries made on cervids, showing a high positive correlation between the bone densities of the two artiodactyls. The camelid bone density data are used to discuss the interpretation of skeletal patterning in an Andean archaeofaunal assemblage.     

Fieldwork Methodology in South American Maritime Archaeology: A Critical Review

In archaeology, data obtained from the analysis of material evidence (i.e., the archaeological record) from extensive excavations have been a significant means for the ultimate development of interpretations about human life in the past. Therefore, the methodological procedures and tools employed during fieldwork are of crucial importance due to their effect on the information likely to be recovered. In the case of maritime archaeology, the development of rigorous methods and techniques allowed for reaching outcomes as solid as those from the work performed on land. These improvements constituted one of the principal supports—if not, the most important pillar—for its acceptance as a scientific field of study. Over time, the growing diversity of sites under study (e.g., shipwrecks, ports, dockyards, and prehistoric settlements) and the underwater environments encountered made it clear that there was a need for the application of specific methodological criteria, in accordance with the particularities of the sites and of each study (e.g., the research aims and the available resources). This article presents some ideas concerning the methodologies used in South American investigations that have exhibited a strong emphasis on the analysis of historical shipwrecks (the sixteenth to twentieth centuries). Based on a state-of-the-knowledge review of these research projects, in particular where excavations were conducted, the article focuses on the details of the main strategies adopted and results achieved. The ideas proposed in this article can be useful as a starting point for future activities of surveying, recording, and excavating shipwrecks.     

South American Palm Seeds (Orbignya sp.) in Dutch Shipwrecks

Abstract

In this note we report the discovery of some palm seeds (Orbignya sp.) from three shipwrecks in the Netherlands. They all date from the second half of the 17th century. Some palm seeds, published as Attalea funifera, were already known from the Dutch coast.