良渚文化的年代和其所处社会阶段——五千年前中国进入文明的一个例证

张忠培的《良渚文化的年代和其所处社会阶段》一文,提出“良渚文化已迈入了文明的门槛,奴隶占有制并非进入文明时代的良渚文化的社会形态”的观点,并提出了良渚“方国”的三个特征。     

从聚落中心到良渚酋邦

良渚文化的聚落群具有明显的规模和结构上的差异；其墓葬亦表现出不同的等级关系；良渚文化的上层人物已拥有祭祀、财富、军事等方面的特权。结合现有民族学材料的对比和分析，可以看出良渚文化已超越了部落联盟阶段而与酋邦制社会比较契合。     

从反山墓地和瑶山祭坛论良渚文化的社会性质

良渚文化发现已历五十余年了。长期以来,由于没有进行大规模的考古发掘,资料缺乏,其文化面貌和社会性质一直若明若暗。近几年发掘了良渚文化几处重要遗址和墓地,特别是1988年《文物》杂志第一期发表的《浙江余杭反山良渚墓地发掘简报》和《余杭瑶山良渚文化祭坛遗址发掘简报》,使人们对这些间题有进一步的认识,尤其是良渚文化的社会性质明朗化。本文仅就反山墓地和瑶山祭坛的有关问题谈谈个人的见解,并论及良渚文化的社会性质。一、关于反山良渚文化墓地性质根据发掘简报的资料,此处墓地是就     

从龙南遗址看良渚文化的住居和祭祀

不同的祭祀方式已显现出良渚文化时期社会上下层群体的重大差异。     

良渚先民的体质特征与经济、环境适应关系研究——以上海松江广富林遗址出土人骨的体质人类学研究为例

本文在对上海松江广富林遗址良渚文化墓葬出土的人骨古食谱和骨骼病理分析基础上,探讨了良渚先民的体质特征与经济、环境的适应关系。稻米在良渚文化居民饮食结构中的比重逐渐提升,到良渚文化中晚期,已经成为重要的食物。良渚社会通过改良水稻品种、精细加工生产工具和大量开凿水井等方法提高水稻产量,粮食的增加使良渚社会人口数量膨胀,聚落数量猛增,良渚社会进入繁荣。一方面是繁重的农业生产和费时费力的渔业捕捞劳动,另一方面是建立在神权之上的社会制度,都使良渚文化居民的劳动强度大大增加,居民寿命普遍较短,大多在成年甚至壮年期死亡。高强度的劳动使骨性关节炎的发病率很高。     

良渚文化玉器用料探秘

<正>玉器作为良渚文化的重要内涵,是同时期东亚古玉文化的最高水平者和中华玉文化的重要基石。良渚文化的用玉制度,包括玉器的种类和组合、形和纹样、数量和品质,都是墓主人身份、等级和地位的反映。玉器集当时顶尖工艺之大成,玉料的获取和控制、耗时费工的雕琢都需要大量的社会劳动力和有序的社会组织机构来保障,因此可以说玉器是良渚文化复杂化聚落等级和规模的体现。玉器还是当时主要精神信息的载体,玉质     

良渚文化的社会政治特征探析

浙江余杭瑶山、反山贵族墓地的考古资料显示,两处墓地属于两个不同的统治阶级集团,集团内都是由男性担当社会管理和防卫职能,由女性担当社会宗教和纺织业职能,但两个集团职能的侧重不同,前者偏重于宗教祭祀,后者偏重于社会管理和政府财富。这两个社会控制集团联合执政或轮流执政,显示出良渚文化公共权力的传递与分割似与职能有关,符合民主国家权力集团组合的特征,成为良渚文化作为商业国家的社会政治的民主特征。良渚文化民主政治的社会中坚支撑是由拥有殷实财富和中等社会地位的中等集团所构成的"中产阶级",良渚社会统治集团内部成员也是由"中产阶级"晋升而来。     

关于广富林晚期遗存的思考

<正>自从良渚文化年代的下限得到基本确认以来[1],关于良渚文化与马桥文化之间的年代缺环就一直是长江下游地区史前考古学研究探索的一个重点。而世纪之交在上海广富林遗址的新发现,为填补这一空白提供了重要的线索。位于今上海市松江区的广富林遗址早在20世纪50年代末就已被发现,随后又进行过小规模发掘,成为上海地区良渚文化遗存最早的发现之一[2]。1999年以来,上海博物馆考古研     

浙江平湖戴墓墩良渚文化遗址发掘简报

戴墓墩遗址位于浙江省平湖市乍浦镇,遗址总面积约16万平方米。2001年3月,平湖市博物馆对遗址进行了小范围的发掘,已发现1处良渚文化红烧土堆积和5座良渚文化墓葬,随葬器物有陶器、玉器、石器等。发掘表明,这是一处良渚文化祭坛和墓地的复合遗址,5座墓葬的年代为良渚文化中期。此次发掘出土了一批精美的陶器,其中带盖宽把陶杯是良渚文化陶器中的精品。     

良渚治玉的社会性问题初探

良渚文化的发现和研究,已历半个世纪之久。自七十年代草鞋山、张陵山、寺墩等以琮璧钺等玉礼器为主要随葬品的大型墓葬发现以来,玉器已成为良渚文化内涵的一个重要组成部分。近年福泉山、石山、瑶山等地大量玉器的出土,更大大丰富了良渚文化玉器的内容,成为国内外学者所注目的课题。 关于良渚玉器的研究,在功能、工艺、美学等方面,已有诸多探讨。但对于这些玉器所包含的社会性内容——如治玉阶层、占有方式等问题,则尚无专门论著,只是在一些文章中略见有倾向性意见。面对这大量的连现代玉工也无技仿效的精美玉器,研究者们无不为之震撼,于是许多学者毫不犹豫地断言:良渚文化时代,已有一批掌握熟练技术的专门玉工。并把他们看作是玉器占有者的对立集团,认为大量玉器的集中占有情况,表明死者生前可以大量     

The Tenco effect. Suicide,San Remo,and the social construction of the canzone d'autore

Abstract

Canzone d'autore is an indigenous expression that has no precise equivalent in other languages. Its social use identifies a genre of popular song that presuppose the existence of an ‘autore’ taken in its most vigorous sense, meaning a ‘creator’, an ‘artist’– but how did this claim to artistry originate? How did it insinuate itself into the world of song, a genre that by definition belongs to the realm of what is traditionally called in Italian ‘musica leggera,’ with unmistakably pejorative connotations? In this essay, I will put forward a sociological interpretation of the genesis of the canzone d'autore, using as a strategic conceptual device the idea of cultural trauma. The traumatic event that I propose to explore, making use of this concept and its analytical machinery, is the suicide of the singer-songwriter Luigi Tenco during the seventeenth San Remo ‘Festival della Canzone’ (‘song festival’) – that is the best-known, most controversial, and most influential single event in the field of Italian ‘musica leggera’, an annual event regularly attended every year – via radio, television, or audience participation – by millions of Italians. Through a reconstruction of that suicide and above all of the public and dramatic events that followed in response to it, the paper examines the social process that transformed an individual tragedy into a collective, social drama, a process that not only produced a new musical classification, but also a new cultural and aesthetic category.     

从“太平天国忠王府”文物旅游开发看博物馆走市场经济之路

苏州博物馆以太平天国忠王府物旅游产品为品牌,在市场上树立了博物馆的企业形象,取得了良好的社会效益和明显的经济效益。     

European Capitals of Culture: elitism or inclusion? The case of Stavanger2008

Who participates in the European Capital of Culture? This article analyses participation in Stavanger, European Capital of Culture (ECOC) in 2008, drawing on data from a survey conducted among a cross-section of the population of the city and its closest surrounds. It examines whether there is systematic variation in the number and type of events attended across key social background characteristics such as gender, age, education and income, as well as interest in culture. It finds systematic, but small differences between the genders, age groups and people of different educational attainment, and no differences between people with high and low income. Participation levels are high in all social strata. However, interest in culture is an important predictor of participation. Differences in social background and cultural interest matter more for participation in high-brow events. The authors conclude that the ECOC event was fairly inclusive of different population segments.     

Chinese Social History: Forty Years of Research under the Chinese Economic Reform

In the wake of the Chinese economic reform, Chinese scholars have welcomed in the resurgence of historical social research. Looking back over the past 30-odd years of research development, it could be said there existed four general periods: A brainstorm period, an initial “beginning” period, a period of maturation and lastly an expansion period. From looking at the context of [its] theoretical development, it is clear that scholars researching Chinese social history were, from the beginning, focused on how exactly to define “society.” This, however, resulted in much debate about the different concepts of social history itself. Though the matter has yet to be settled, the ultimate research objective for the field of historical social research is in its pursuit of truth. In recent years following the dissolution of disciplinary boundaries, the interdisciplinary viewpoint(s) established by social and cultural history have also provided forth a new horizon for the development of Chinese historical social research.     

青藏新民族地区文化教育与区域稳定发展研究

青藏新民族地区的文化教育问题,牵动着该区域经济、政治和社会发展的全局。以文化教育与社会经济等诸多变量的内层关联为视角,是研究该区域经济社会发展问题的重要切入点。由此,高度重视并不断加强青藏新民族地区的文化教育事业,成为实现该区域社会稳定发展的关键和纽带。     

The governance of national cultural organisations: comparative study of performance contracts with the main cultural organisations in England,France and Catalonia (Spain)

In some European countries, performance contracts have become an instrument for the governance and control of major cultural organisations by the public administration. The negotiation and signing of a performance contract are mainly aimed at developing the goals of cultural policies by means of large organisations in order to achieve the traditional objectives of cultural democratisation and other instrumental objectives (economic development, urban regeneration or social inclusion). Nevertheless, the development level of performance contracts varies when we compare England, France and Catalonia (Spain). Each particular level of development is conditioned by the overall administrative and institutional context and the development level of results-based management and an accountability culture. The level of public funding and the degree of autonomy of management within each organisation can also explain why in some cases governance has been contractualised whereas in other cases either progress is more rhetorical than real.     

关于民族文物的几点认识

民族文物是人类文化遗产的重要组成部分,是反映古代不同社会形态以及生产、生活状况的活化石.它填补了史籍记载的缺失和田野考古的不足,为人类社会发展史研究提供了珍贵的实物资料,在科学研究、发展旅游业、繁荣民族经济等方面具有重要价值.民族文物是中华民族的珍贵遗产,应及时抢救保护.     

Assessing the local embeddedness dynamics of the Baumwollspinnerei cultural quarter in Leipzig: introducing the POSES Star Framework

This paper argues that it is important for urban scholars and practitioners to comparatively appraise the differential forms of local embeddedness of cultural quarters. Such appraisals can help to realize more sustainable practices of cultural quarter anchoring within neighbourhoods. The case study of Leipzig, Germany – a city that deploys both ‘creative city’ and ‘cultural industries’ models of urban development within a context of post-industrial, post-socialist transformation – is used to examine the adaptive re-use of a former cotton-spinning mill, the Baumwollspinnerei, into an internationally renowned cultural quarter. The POSES Star Framework is developed as an analytical tool to systematically outline multiple local embeddedness dynamics (political, organizational, social, ephemeral, and spatial) of a cultural quarter within a neighbourhood and within a specific urban planning and policy context. The application of the POSES Star Framework to the Baumwollspinnerei reveals that internal organizational concerns for site development and marketing are prioritized over external engagements with Leipzig's urban planning and cultural policy discourses.     

近代学生群体中文化教育与传统婚姻的冲突

学生婚姻中的冲突与矛盾,是近代学校教育兴起之后的特有现象。接受了西方自由平等观念之后,学生们崇尚婚姻自主,渴望知识女性。但受风俗所限,他们自身多数都被父母缔结了传统姻缘。具有新式价值观念的他们,无法再对旧式婚姻容忍和麻木,而打破僵局又会遭到家族与社会的责难。化教育与传统婚姻的冲突,在他们身上得到了最为典型的体现。     

Current archaeological research in the Middle Atlantic region of the eastern united states

A major theme of current archaeological research in the Middle Atlantic region of Eastern North America is the recognition of cultural variability across space and through time. The most significant culture change experienced during the entire time frame of regional prehistory occurred ca. 5000 B.P., when there were major changes in regional environments. Before 5000 B.P., adaptations were characterized by small groups of mobile hunters and gatherers. After 5000 B.P., there were continued growth in regional populations and increases in sedentism, intensive use of a limited range of food resources, social group size, and social complexity.