Spatial Organization of Fortune Global 500 Corporations in China: An Empirical Study of Multinationals from Japan,the United States,and European Union

Using data on investments in China from Fortune Global 500 multinational corporations (MNCs) based in Japan, the United States, and European Union over a three-decade period, the authors document the gradual expansion of MNCs in China both functionally and geographically. Statistical analysis suggests the existence of significant intra-firm clustering as a result of sequential investments, as well as country-of-origin agglomeration in the case of MNCs from Japan. Disaggregated analysis, however, reveals that functional and cross-functional mutual avoidance (e.g., intra- and inter-firm competition) in the location of MNC subsidiary firms tends to mitigate country-of-origin agglomeration effects. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: D200, D800, G320, L200. 5 tables, 5 figures, 68 references.     

SOME DATA ON CHANGES IN TRANSPORT ACCESSIBILITY OF EAST SIBERIA AND THE SOVIET FAR EAST IN CONNECTION WITH CONSTRUCTION OF THE BAM

The impact of the Baikal-Amur Mainline on accessibility to resource sites in East Siberia and the Soviet Far East is measured. At the present time, a little more than one-half of the developed southern portion of the region lies within 200 km of the Trans-Siberian. As a result of the construction of the BAM, nearly 75 percent of the area will be within 200 km of the nearest railroad. The gains in distance to the nearest railroad are mapped, and show a maximum gain (of 420–450 km) in an area northeast of the northern tip of Lake Baikal. Although the BAM, because of difficult terrain, is still distinguished by a high coefficient of sinuosity (compared with the great-circle distance), it does represent a gain over the present distance from the Pacific coast to points west of Lake Baikal.     

A NEW SETTING FOR THE NORTHERN BORDER OF THE VENETI: METALLIC FINDS FROM THE VENETIC SITE OF MONTE CALVARIO,AURONZO DI CADORE*

In 2000 several bronze and lead objects were discovered at the Venetic‐Roman site (200 bc –ad 200) of Monte Calvario di Auronzo, in the Italian eastern Alps. They were mostly finished artefacts plus semi‐worked products. Analysis included SEM–EDS, EMPA, XRPD, TMS and AMS spectrometry. The compositional results of the finished artefacts suggest that the choice of the alloy had been made according to the decorative techniques to be used. A semi‐worked high‐leaded bronze object indicates the existence of a metallurgical production of cast artefacts at the site. TMS analyses of a lead ingot exclude local provenance, proving the existence of important trade routes.     

Defensibility of large prehistoric sites in the Mid-Fraser region on the Canadian Plateau

Based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) analysis, this paper assesses the defensibility of winter village sites in the Mid-Fraser region on the Canadian Plateau during the Late Prehistoric Period (ca. 3500–200 B.P.), particularly the Plateau and Kamloops Horizons (ca. 2400–200 B.P.). Although there is variability in prehistoric village locations in terms of defensibility, highly defensible prehistoric sites in the Mid-Fraser region are concentrated in two localities. The high defensive values of these village sites indicate that the threat of intergroup conflict had a significant impact on choice of settlement location. The approach used in this paper demonstrates the importance of past defensive considerations in the decision making processes pertaining to settlement locations. As conflict is a common feature of many cultures and time periods throughout the world, this approach has potential applications to other defensive sites globally.     

Depressed areas and suppressed minorities

Michael J. Harner, ed. Hallucinogens and Shamanism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973. xv + 200 pp. Illustrations, bibliography, and index. $8.50 (cloth), $1.95 (paper).     

Review and assessment of the potential of post-IR IRSL dating methods to circumvent the problem of anomalous fading in feldspar luminescence

Quartz has been the main mineral used for optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of sediments over the last decade. The quartz OSL signal, however, has been shown to saturate at relatively low doses of ～200–400 Gy, making it difficult to be used for dating beyond about 200 thou-sand years (ka), unless the environmental dose rate is low. The infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) from feldspars has been shown to continue to grow to higher dose levels than quartz OSL. The application of IRSL dating of feldspars, however, has long been hampered by the anomalous fading effect. Recent progress in understanding anomalous fading of the infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) signals in potassium-feldspar has led to the development of post-IR IRSL (pIRIR) protocols and also a multiple elevated temperature (MET) stimulation (MET-pIRIR) protocol. These procedures have raised the prospect of isolating a non-fading IRSL component for dating Quaternary deposits containing feldspars. In this study, we review the recent progress made on (1) overcoming anomalous fading of feldspar, and (2) the development of pIRIR dating techniques for feldspar. The potential and problems associated with these methods are discussed.     

NEWS IN BRIEF

National Endorsement for Building a Methane Supply System for TAR In line with the endorsement by the Ministry of Agriculture in its 11~(th)five-year plan for Tibetan ru-ral areas,by 2010,the TAR is go-ing to initiate methane supply cen-ters in rural areas,from which a total of 59 counties(including 200 thousand households and 400 villages)will benefit.     

A pilot study into the effects of X-ray and computed tomography exposure on the amplification of DNA from bone

This research investigates the intersection of radiography and aDNA, two commonly used methods in bioarchaeology. The goal of this project was to investigate the effects of radiation on the ability to amplify DNA from bone. Bones (n = 124) from domestic pig (Sus scrofa) feet were randomly sorted into a control group and four treatment groups: (1) single exposure X-ray; (2) single exposure CT; (3) multiple exposures X-ray; and (4) multiple exposures CT. Number of PCR cycles required to amplify DNA in 100 bp, 200 bp and 400 bp segments were used as a proxy for the amount of available DNA. In the 200 bp CT sample, distal phalanges required significantly more amplification cycles than did the other bones and were removed from analysis. Results suggest that in general radiation exposure fragments DNA thereby decreasing the amount that is amplifiable. While these results are suggestive, further research is required to elucidate the degree to which radiation fragments DNA in archaeological specimens.     

China's Special Economic Zones at 30

Three Hong Kong-based geographers assess retrospectively the performance of special economic zones (SEZs) in China on the eve of the 30^th anniversary of their founding. After exploring the general rationale and historical context for the launching of the SEZ concept, they devote considerable attention to the divergent development paths and outcomes of the five SEZs established in China during the 1980s. Of particular importance has been the differing specific roles assigned to the SEZs based on their internal characteristics as well as location relative to (and interactions with) areas of intense commercial activity (Hong Kong and Macao) subsequently coming under Chinese sovereignty. The paper concludes by viewing the past performance of the SEZs within the context of the gathering momentum of globalization that afforded entry for their export-oriented manufacturing activities into world markets, and explores some implications of the current worldwide financial crisis for their future. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: O180, O200, P200, R120. 1 figure, 3 tables, 56 references.     

Improvements in Archaeomagnetic Dating in Western Europe from the Late Bronze to the Late Iron Ages: An Alternative to the Problem of the Hallstattian Radiocarbon Plateau

We present a new curve of the directional secular variation of the geomagnetic field in Western Europe between 1500 bce and 200 ce . Its computation relies on a Bayesian framework. The fast secular variation during the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages makes archaeomagnetic dating efficient with a respective precision of 150–200 and 60–100 years during these periods. The Bayesian method also provides posterior date distributions that refine the dating of reference data, especially during the period of the Hallstattian radiocarbon plateau. Archaeomagnetism becomes a valuable alternative to radiocarbon and will help to improve the archaeological chronologies.     

秦俑彩绘回贴影响因素的探索性研究

在历经两千年埋藏以后,秦始皇兵马俑表面的漆皮彩绘在出土时,大多会卷曲脱落。如何将漆皮彩绘回贴加固好一直是保护工作者研究的难点。本工作在秦帝陵博物院前期工作的基础上,通过实验室模拟研究探索了黏结、回贴过程中陶本体含水率、PEG含量、可溶盐含量、陶块泥土粘附量、漆皮彩绘含水率、PEG含量、临时固型剂含量等对回贴、黏结效果的影响。结果表明将陶块含水率降至5%以下、减少PEG200溶液渗入陶本体、对陶本体进行脱盐处理、在黏结剂中添加极细小填料、逐渐增加PEG200浓度来润湿漆皮、清除残存的临时固型剂薄荷醇等措施都能不同程度地改善漆皮彩绘回贴的效果,增加黏结强度,提高其耐老化破坏循环的能力。以上应用基础研究可以为彩绘类文物现场保护工艺的改进提供借鉴。     

Equatorial penetration of magnetic disturbance effects in the thermosphere and ionosphere

The neutral dynamic and electrodynamic coupling between high and low latitudes, and the mutual interactions between these two processes, are investigated. For 22 March 1979, when a sudden increase in magnetic activity occurred, we have analyzed the following experimental data: (a) neutral densities and cross-track neutral winds as a function of latitude (0°–80°) near 200 km from a satellite-borne accelerometer; (b) hourly mean H-component magnetic data from the Huancayo Observatory (0.72°S, 4.78°E; dipole geomagnetic coordinates) magnetometer; and (c) hourly mean foF2 measurements from the ionosonde at Huancayo. Comparisons are also made with a self-consistent thermosphere-ionosphere general circulation model and with observationally-based empirical models of winds and density.In concert with the increase in magnetic activity to K_p levels of 5–7, a nighttime (2230 LT) westward intensification of the neutral wind approaching 400 ± 100 ms⁻¹ occurred near the magnetic equator on 22 March 1979, accompanied by a 35% increase in neutral mass density. About 2 h after each of two substorm commencements associated with periods of southward IMF, ∼100γ and ∼200γ reductions in the daytime Huancayo H-component (corrected for ring current effects) are interpreted in terms of ∼0.5 and ∼1.0 mVm⁻¹ westward perturbation electric fields, respectively. An intervening 2-hour period of northward IMF preceded a positive equatorial magnetic perturbation of about 200γ. Time scales for field variations are a few hours, suggesting that processes other than Alfven shielding are involved. Variations in f₀F2 (∼ ± 1.0 MHz) over Huancayo are consistent with the inferred electric fields and magnetic variations. Similar equatorial perturbations are found through examination of other magnetic disturbances during 1979.     

Macrophysical climatic modeling of Africa’s late quaternary climate: Site-specific, high-resolution applications for archaeology

Macrophysical climatic modeling (MCM) is based on the relationship between large-scale atmospheric dynamics and synoptic climatology to develop simulations of late Pleistocene and Holocene climate in specific localities. Climatic events are calculated at 200-year intervals for the last 14,000 and 500 years for the period from 14,000 to 40,000 B.P. The model has been applied to more than 200 localities in Africa. We present examples from different parts of the continent at locations of archaeological significance. The results indicate that the transition from glacial maximum to postglacial conditions shows both temporal and inter- and intraregional variability. In addition to long-term differences among early, middle, and late Holocene climatic regimes, the model also shows incidences of sharp, abrupt events at some intervals. The applications of MCM invite comparison with inferences based on proxy data and assist in formulating and cross-examining socioecodynamic models based on climatic change, e.g., the continuity of cultural interactions along the Mediterranean littoral, the emergence and spread of cattle pastoralism, and the depopulation of the Sahara during the glacial maximum.     

Midlatitude seasonal behaviour of tides near the mesopause level

Wind measurements near the mesopause level were provided in Badary (Eastern Siberia, U.S.S.R.) by the Dl method using a low-frequency (200kHz) radio transmitter during 1976–1986. The seasonal variations of the wind are analyzed and compared with other midlatitude wind measurements as well as some theoretical predictions. It is shown that tidal parameters depend not only on latitude but on the longitude as well.     

歌舞升平 丝绸之路上的乐舞文物

中华民族有着古老的乐舞文化,具有独特的东方神韵。中国历史悠久,幅员辽阔,乐舞文化极为丰富,异彩纷呈,美不胜收。我们不难发现,不同时期的中华乐舞都或多或少地带有世界其他地域的歌舞元素,又显得那么自然融洽,这正是中华乐舞经各族乐舞相互交流融合的结果。     

INTENSITY OF THE GEOMAGNETIC FIELD IN THE UKRAINE AND MOLDAVIA DURING THE PAST 6000 YEARS

Archaeomagnetic intensity measurements are reported for 200 leaked clay samples taken from bricks, pottery kilns, furnaces and hearths, etc.     

On the applicability of post-IR IRSL dating to Japanese loess

Recent work on infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) dating has focussed on finding and testing signals which show less or negligible fading. IRSL signals measured at elevated temperature following IR stimulation at 50°C (post-IR IRSL) have been shown to be much more stable than the low temperature IRSL signal and seem to have considerable potential for dating. For Early Pleistocene samples of both European and Chinese loess natural post-IR IRSL signals lying in the saturation region of the laboratory dose response curve have been observed; this suggests that there is no significant fading in nature. As a contribution to the further testing of post-IR IRSL dating, we have used 18 samples from two Japanese loess profiles for which quartz OSL and tephra ages up to 600 ka provide age control. After a preheat of 320°C (60 s), the polymineral fine grains (4–11 μm) were bleached with IR at 50°C (200 s) and the IRSL was subsequently measured at 290°C for 200 s. In general, the fading uncorrected post-IR IRSL ages agree with both the quartz OSL and the tephra ages. We conclude that the post-IR IRSL signal from these samples does not fade significantly and allows precise and accurate age determinations on these sediments.     

ISSUES IN THE REGIONALIZATION OF INDUSTRY IN THE SOCIALIST COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE

A hierarchy of industrial areas in Eastern Europe is described, consisting of 40 industrial regions, about 200 industrial nodes, and numerous industrial centers and ordinary industrial places. Evidence of the formation of a higher-ranking industrial macroregion covering the border area of East Germany, Poland and Czechoslovakia is adduced. Six other entities of industrial macroregion rank are identified in the rest of Europe (including the European USSR east to the Urals).     

THERMOLUMINESCENT DATING OF BAKED CLAY BALLS OF THE POVERTY POINT CULTURE

Seven sites in Mississippi, Louisiana and Arkansas have been dated. For six sites (Terral Lewis, Poverty Point, Jaketown, Teoc Creek, Shoe Bayou, and Claiborne) the results are not inconsistent with contemporaneity; excluding Claiborne the average date is 1000 b.c. , with an error limit in absolute terms of ± 200 years. The seventh site (Loggy Bayou), in which sherds and balls were found in association, gave a date some fifteen hundred years more recent.     

Luminescence age constraints on palaeo-earthquake events along the lingwu fault in the Yinchuan Basin,China

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating was applied to sediment samples in order to provide age constraints on the palaeo-earthquake events that are recorded in a trench on the Lingwu fault near Yinchuan on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, China. Combining seventeen OSL ages with field observations in the trench shows that at least four events took place at this specific site, and that this fault has been active over the past 200 ka.