无锡东林书院藏古代书画综述

<正>东林书院,位于江苏省无锡市解放东路867号,亦名龟山书院,为宋明时期我国江南地区的理学传播中心和著名书院。东林书院创建于北宋政和元年(1111年),为当时著名学者杨时长期讲学之所。元至正年间废为僧区。明万历三十二年(1604年),顾宪成与高攀龙等人同倡捐资修复书院,并相继主持其间,聚众讲学,享有"天下言正学者首东林"之赞誉。1956年10月被列为江苏省文物保护单位,2006年6月入选第六批全国重点文物保护单位。作为一个重要的历史遗迹,它不仅是旅游胜地,更     

明代政治社团型书院:东林书院

正东林书院,为北宋政和元年(1111年)理学家杨时创建。杨时,学者称龟山先生,是理学大师程颢、程颐的高足,在中国思想史上,以南传其师说而著称。东林就是其弘扬师说,传播理学的重要基地,他居院讲学十八年,成就众多人材。其学传至朱熹,终于集大成而成为影响古代中国社会数百年的官方哲学。因此,东林书院也就因承接程朱而有"洛闽中枢"之称。东林书院位于无锡城东门。据史志记载,杨时"素爱庐山之胜",曾在佛教净土宗始祖慧远和尚聚众评     

东林党与东林学派研讨会综述

东林党与东林学派研讨会综述无锡市东林党史研究会今年是明代顾宪成、高攀龙重修东林书院结社讲学３９０周年。无锡市人民政府为书院修缮竣工举行隆重的揭幕典礼，同时于１０月２６日──２８日举行东林党与东林学派学术研讨会。到会的有中国社会科学院历史所、近代史所、...     

论高攀龙的用人思想及实践

高攀龙是明后期重要的政治家和思想家。为了挽救明后期黑暗腐朽政治,维护明王朝的统治,他强调人才对治理国家的重要性,提倡广招人才;主张登用正人;重视培育人才,呼吁用程、朱理学武装士人头脑。他把这些主张付于实践。他登用正人,抨击邪佞、惩治贪污,用"自反"来消弭党争,通过"捱"、"劝化"等方式与专权宦官作斗争,并在东林书院大力讲学。高攀龙的用人思想主张,充实、发展了中国传统的政治思想,富于理论意义。其用人实践,在明末社会中也有一定的积极作用。当然,高攀龙的用人思想及实践也有其局限性。     

九十年来东林党争研究方法论述评

万历初期以来屡次参与抨击内阁的赵南星、顾宪成等一批朝廷官员,在万历二十一、二年（1593、1594）的政治纷争中被相继贬出京城。这些官员聚集在以万历三十二年（1604）重修的东林书院为首的书院网络周边,在讲学的同时评议朝政,甚至通过舆论和人际关系,     

东林书院被毁经过

举世闻名的东林党人在明朝末年惨遭阉党迫害,他们讲学的场所东林书院亦遭拆毁。本文以生动翔实的史料阐述了书院被拆毁的经过,并简述了阉党被清除以后,明清两代书院建筑逐步恢复的情况。     

我敬仰东林党又痛其愚顽

东林党是我国历史上名声最大的士大夫政治集团,他们在无锡东林书院以讲学活动为中心,评议时政,褒贬人物,在17世纪的江南拥有很高的声誉。书院的一首楹联“风声、雨声、读书声,声声入耳;家事、国事、天下事,事事关心”,从晚明以来,不胫而走,传遍大江南北,更因东林的旷世奇冤成为千古绝唱。     

晚明党争人物的地理分布和特征

明代晚期是整个明代政治斗争最为激烈的一个阶段,浙党、魏忠贤阉党、东林、复社,彼此之间的政治党争呈现错综复杂的形势。其中,鲜明的地域性派别成为晚明党争的一个重要特征。在党争中所体现的地域扶持和异派倾轧,与各个政治派别的人员构成有着非常重要的关系。通过对这些派别主要成员的籍贯的地理分布的研究,可以对当时的某些政治现象作出更加合理的解释。     

嵩阳书院：中州教育史上的明珠

书院之名始于唐代,最初只是收藏、校刊书籍、辨明典章的地方。五代时,由于战争的影响,官学衰废,士子苦无就学之所,于是自动择地读书。一些学者在佛教禅林制度的影响下,选择风景优美的山林名胜之地,作为“群居讲学之所”,出现了具有学校性质的书院。书院的创办者或为私人,或为官府,不少有名学者讲学其间,采用个别钻研、相互问答、聚众讲教相结合的教学方法,     

安徽书院考

书院是我国宋代以来学者士子讲学读书之所,是府、县官学一个重要补充,也是历史上开展社会教育和学术活动的活跃场所。安徽之有书院,自宋代始。宋皇佑元年(一○四九年)文学家欧阳修知颖州(今阜阳)时,建西湖书院。据清乾隆《颖州府志》载:“宋皇佑元年,欧湖修守颖,爱西湖之胜,乃建书院于湖之南。”这是我省有史可考的最早书院。有人认为欧阳修建立的书院,是他“玉麈高谈”、“吟哦为乐”之所,不是士人谈书讲学的书院,这是不符史实     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.