CONSTRUCTION SACRIFICE,RUMORS AND KIDNAPPING SCARES IN MANGGARAI: FURTHER COMPARATIVE NOTES FROM FLORES

R.A. Drake in Oceania (59:269–79) analyzed rumor panics in Borneo about the purported need for children's heads in concrete construction initiated by the state, as a form of ideological warfare. These rumors are ways of dealing with ambiguous situations and expressions of anxiety. The plausibility of these rumors, he argues, lies in the experience that tribal Borneo has had with state governments, most particularly during colonial times when head-hunting activities were suppressed. The present article looks at a similar rumor complex found in the district of Manggarai in Western Flores within a different cultural and historical context. Manggarai rumor panics center on European missionaries who have been in their region since the beginning of the century and who have been responsible for most of the concrete construction there. This rumor expresses the Manggarai's ambivalence towards foreigners which may be particularly understood, also, in light of their experience with slave-raiders up to the beginning of this century.     

CONSTRUCTION SACRIFICE AND HEAD-HUNTING RUMOURS IN CENTRAL FLORES (EASTERN INDONESIA): A COMPARATIVE NOTE

In a recent contribution to Oceania (59:269–79, 1989), R.A. Drake analyses a kidnapping rumour that has regularly appeared in Borneo during the last 90 or more years. According to the rumour, agents of the state require a human sacrifice, and especially a human head, to place beneath the foundation of a bridge or other modern structure that is being erected, in order to lend it durability. This rumour, Drake argues, draws crucially upon the widespread notion or practice of construction sacrifice, in combination with a tradition of head-hunting as an aspect of inter-ethnic relations which was prevalent in Borneo before the colonial era. The present paper questions aspects of Drake's thesis by discussing the occurrence of precisely the same rumour among the Nage of central Flores, a people who do not know head-hunting of the Bornean variety and who have no tradition of human sacrifice in connection with indigenous construction.     

田横祭海节,一个传载500年的顶礼膜拜

平日里,这里只是横门湾的一个普通渔村这里每年都上演北方地区最大规模的海祭每年的3月20～22日,十几万来自四面八方的人群涌入这个无声无息的小渔村摆供、祭奠……渔家媳妇蒸面馍,打扫龙王庙,一束束用竹竿绑扎成的几米高的"站缨"迎风而立"……幸哉,尚飨——"高亢的《祭海文》和嘹亮的船工号子,透过扩音喇叭在渔村周戈庄的"田横祭海"广场上回响夜幕笼罩着古老的传说,风轻桨橹摇一个田横祭海节,一只窝缩在海洋文化里的蛤蜊     

人文地理学课程建设与高校跨世纪教学改革

人文地理学与自然地理学构成一级学科地理科学。人文地理学课程建设在高校跨世纪教学改革中具有重要意义。因此要充分展现人文地理学的教育功能,构建高校多层次人文地理学课程体系;充分利用人文地理学社会针对性,全方位建设地理专业应用人文地理学课程群体;充分体现人文地理学课程的区域性,建设不同空间尺度的区域人文地理学课程系统;全面概括充分完善人文地理学理论,建设各专业通用的理论人文地理学课程;充分发挥人文地理的应用优势,建设各专业实用的应用人文地理学课程。     

SEX IDENTIFICATION OF SLAVE SACRIFICE VICTIMS FROM QIN STATE TOMBS IN THE SPRING AND AUTUMN PERIOD OF CHINA USING ANCIENT DNA

Ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis was employed to determine the sex of slave sacrifice victims from Qin State tombs during the Spring and Autumn Period of China. It is difficult to obtain sex information from fragmentary skeleton samples with the aid of skeletal morphology methods. aDNA was extracted from the dentine in selected tooth samples of sacrificial slaves using a modified traditional method, which combines together phenol/chloroform extraction, silicon dioxide adsorption and ultrafiltration concentration. Based on the sequence differences between the amelogenin homologous gene in the X and that in the Y chromosome, a pair of specific primers was designed to identify the sex of the selected samples. In the selected eight typical samples, the aDNA analytical results revealed that three were males and two were females. These findings indicate that molecular sex identification might provide more valuable information for archaeological research on the institution of slave sacrifice in the Spring and Autumn Period of China.     

HOUSING CONSTRUCTION, VACANCY CHAINS, AND RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY IN WINDSOR

R esidential m obility is one of the most important forces underlying changes in the social composition and physical characteristics of urban areas (Rossi 1955, p. 2). Consequently, numerous studies on residential migration have been carried out in order to comprehend this process better and thereby aid in the assessment of migration theories and in the development of appropriate models. Mobility studies have examined the characteristics of outmigration areas and households, motivations to move, satisfaction achieved through relocation, and the impact of residential changes. However, as Maher (1974) points out, previous analyses are incomplete in that they tend to focus on the demand characteristics of residential relocation and to omit the supply side of the process, the available housing stock. This study attempts to rectify this omission by considering the provision of newly constructed single-family detached housing in Windsor and the resultant migration patterns and processes through vacancy chain analysis. The demand and supply concepts of residential mobility are examined with regard to the housing multiplier generated by different locations and values of new homes, the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of households at various positions in the turnover process, the reasons for moving, and the spatial patterns of residential moves originating from new housing. In addition, by focusing on a specific form of housing the study avoids problems which may arise from aggregate level analyses of households adjusting to new housing opportunities.     

面向规划建设的村庄分类指标体系研究

我国村庄类型多样,规划建设需要分类指导,但全国层面上综合、简便、易推广的村庄分类指标和方法仍有待探索。在目标导向、有机综合、简明可操作及适度弹性原则的指导下,从总体和结构两方面建立包括自然禀赋、区位条件、村庄规模、形态结构、人口结构、经济结构和用地结构的村庄类型基础指标体系;并基于全国7省48个行政村样本数据,采用聚类分析、KW检验和主成分分析提取8个简便易行的正交特征指标;据此识别了平原传统农业村、山区传统农林村、养殖专业村、远山特色农业村、城郊非农产业村和平原非农产业村等典型村庄类型,总结了各类型特征及规划建设重点,证实了指标和方法的科学性和适用性,为我国村庄规划建设的分类指导提供了方法论基础。     

HEGEMONY,IMPERIALISM, AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF RELIGION IN EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA1

Edward Said's concept of Orientalism portrays the high tide of nineteenth‐century imperialism as the defining moment in the establishment of a global discursive hegemony, in which European attitudes and concepts gained a universal validity. The idea of “religion” was central to the civilizing mission of imperialism, and was shaped by the interests of a number of colonial actors in a way that remains visibly relevant today. In East and Southeast Asia, however, many of the concerns that statecraft, law, scholarship, and conversion had for religion transcended the European impact. Both before and after the period of European imperialism, states used religion to engineer social ethics and legitimate rule, scholars elaborated and enforced state theologies, and the missionary faithful voiced the need for and nature of religious conversion. The real impact of this period was to integrate pre‐existing concerns into larger discourses, transforming them in the process. The ideals of national citizenship and of legal and scholarly impartiality recast the state and its institutions with a modernist sacrality, which had the effect of banishing the religious from the public space. At the same time, the missionary discourse of transformative conversion located it in the very personal realm of sincerity and belief. The evolution of colonial‐era discourses of religion and society in Asia since the departure of European imperial power demonstrates both their lasting power and the degree of agency that remains implicit in the idea of hegemony.     

宁夏西海固地区的生态建设与可持续发展

西海固地区的生态环境先天脆弱,长期以来不合理的土地利用,又造成了植被的普遍退化,致使生态失调、水土流失和沙漠化问题严重,自然灾害频繁,加强生态建设、改善生态环境是当地实现可持续发展的有效保障。西海固地区的生态建设包括生态经济建设、生态文化建设、生态体制建设及生态工程建设等多方面的内容,当前要通过控制人口增长、发展绿色产业、振兴区域经济来促进生态建设战略的实施;通过贯彻和落实以粮代赈政策、创建生态建设目标责任制基础上的社会协同机制、探索和推广多样化的生态建设模式等措施,来实现生态建设的目标和任务。     

江苏省地理景观与美丽乡村建构研究

乡村审美空间蕴含着内在和深刻的人地关系理念内容,比经济效应有更深的自然情怀,是可持续发展的思想感情基础,也是现代景观规划的重要研究课题。城市化发展过程中自然地理脉络破坏对于乡村景观是致命的。探讨以多尺度层面的地理景观建构乡村审美空间:在区域大尺度范围内设计地理视域观赏空间;在镇域中尺度范围内将生态文明和社会经济发展要求安排在景观空间格局配置中;在乡村小尺度范围内造就素雅含蓄的村落景观。江苏省乡村具有四千年的历史,留下珍贵的人地关系文化遗产和审美烙印。从地理景观形态结构、格局演化进程与机理响应对照乡村审美空间景观,建构和谐安宁的画面境界;最终造就广阔地域的"美丽乡村"。     

西北干旱区城市建设与可持续发展

概述了西北干旱区城市发展现状,系统地分析了其城市可持续发展面临的主要问题,进而提出了西北地区城市可持续发展的设想及其对策,为缩小我国东西部发展差距提供了科学的决策依据     

甘肃省两西地区扶贫开发性移民的系统动力学仿真研究

甘肃省中部干旱地区是我国最贫困的地区之一。从1983年起,国家对这一地区采取了"开发性移民"措施,即将中部地区部分贫困人口移往河西走廊地区和中部引黄灌区的"甘肃省两西移民活动"。本文,分析了甘肃省两西地区开发性移民的机制及效益;借助系统动力学(Ssytem Dynamics)方法,建立了移民对策的仿真模型,通过模型的运行,制定了未来16年间的6种移民方案,这些方案为两酉地区的移民安置提供了科学依据。     

EVALUATION OF SPATIAL DIFFERENCES IN THE SETTING OF NORMATIVE GUIDELINES FOR PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION

Official normative guidelines used in the Soviet Union in the design, planning and construction of economic development projects are not adequately differentiated to reflect regional differences in physical and socio-economic conditions. The guidelines are closely tied in with the country's administrative structure, and tend to be spatially more specific in areas where the administrative structure is fine-meshed, and less specific where the structure if wide-meshed. Accordingly, there is a particularly urgent need for enhancing the regional reliability of normative documents in the Asian part of the Soviet Union, especially Siberia, where normative data often apply to vast areas with widely differing physical and socio-economic settings. A set of geographical coefficients is proposed to correct existing normative indicators. Illustrative examples are given.     

社交媒体对广州饮食文化空间的建构与重塑

研究选取国内四大社交媒体——新浪博客、新浪微博、豆瓣网和土豆网作为研究案例,通过文本分析的方法,探讨了社交媒体对广州饮食文化空间的构建与重塑,得出以下结论:①社交媒体构建了广州饮食文化空间的结构以及全球地方特征。社交媒体将广州饮食文化空间结构塑造为承载饮食内容、饮食文化及其相关社会活动的物质和社会文化空间,具有全球化和本地化交融的特征;②基于网民对社交媒体空间的生产,及其之间的社会互动,社交媒体消解了广州饮食文化空间原有的社会文化意义,并将其重塑为一个承载多元社会文化、消费文化、权力和情感的空间,而且这些空间意义具有流动性。研究结论丰富了现有媒体和饮食文化空间地理研究成果,同时为广州饮食文化发展和地方品牌构建提供了参考。