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1.
Cultural developments in Midwestern North America between 5000 and 400 B.P. are reviewed and related to two overlapping, but contrasting, cultural traditions: Woodland and Mississippian. Significant changes in prehistoric subsistence systems, settlement patterns, and sociopolitical organization are reviewed within a three-division framework, beginning with a Transitional period (5000–2000 B.P.) when Late Archaic and Early Woodland societies settled into different regions, constructed regional markers (cemeteries, mounds, earthworks), and established economic and social relations with both neighboring and more distant groups. This was followed by the Middle Woodland period (2000–1500 B.P.) that is associated with the Hopewell climax of long-distance exchange of exotic materials, mound building, and ceremonial activities, although all Middle Woodland groups did not participate in this Hopewell interaction sphere. In the Late Prehistoric period (1500–400 B.P.), the Woodland tradition persisted in some areas, while the Mississippian tradition developed from local Late Woodland societies elsewhere. Finally, the patterns of interaction between the two traditions are discussed.  相似文献   

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The emergence of archaeological interest in native copper in the mid-1800s developed in concert with explanations that privileged the Lake Superior area over other potential sources of copper. Most scholars have thus assumed that when copper artifacts first appeared in Northeastern North America, they arrived as finished implements or were locally made from Lake Superior raw materials. Procurement models that point to Lake Superior as the sole source of native copper have been widely accepted in the absence of systematic large-scale testing. This article evaluates the dominant model for native copper procurement and presents trace element data derived from instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) to determine whether hunter-gatherers in the Northeast utilized one dominant source of copper or in fact exploited a number of geological deposits. I specifically report on the chemical characterization of copper from 13 discrete geological deposits and 18 archaeological sites dating to the Late Archaic (ca. 5000–3000 B.P.) and Early Woodland (ca. 3000–2000 B.P.) periods to suggest that the dominant model for native copper procurement is oversimplified.  相似文献   

4.
Paleoindians of North America entered a continent undergoing rapid climatic and environmental changes. This paper is a preliminary contribution toward obtaining a better picture regarding how climate and environmental change might have impacted the first settlers of North America. The Paleoindian sites we analyzed are, from the oldest to the youngest, Ingleside (Texas), Blackwater Draw Locality No. 1 (New Mexico), Hiscock Site (New York), and Plainview Quarry (Texas). Paleoenvironmental reconstruction involves identifying the dietary traits of ungulate species that might reflect the environmental conditions where they were living, and also where they might have been hunted by Paleoindians. Such an approach is realized through tooth microwear and mesowear analyses. Results indicate that a variety of food resources were available for the ungulates at these sites as well as the likely presence of mosaic environments around these sites which allowed Paleoindians to exploit resources in a large variety of habitats. The application of a method that allows for the estimation of the duration of occupation at archaeological sites reveals that results for Blackwater Draw and Hiscock Site indicate a long-term occupation of probably several months. However, during short events, Paleoindians were most likely hunting herds of horse and bison when these prey were available near the site. Results indicate that Plainview Quarry was likely used only for short-term occupations, with large game hunting focusing on bison. These patterns identified at the archeological sites studied are related to the fact that Paleoindians follow a high-technology forager model and frequently shifted their territory depending on the composition and distribution of the large mammal fauna.  相似文献   

5.
Historical archaeology has expanded greatly in the past decade. This essay discusses some of the trends and themes that have become important in historical archaeology in the United States since 1982. The first section briefly assesses the field. The second discusses capitalism as one theme that may serve to unify research. Cross-cultural research, integrative analyses, and the concepts of power and ideology are central to this theme. The third section is a brief case study concerning the historic Cherokee. The conclusion comments on the institutional state of historical archaeology.  相似文献   

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国外公共考古学研究现状综述   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
魏峭巍 《南方文物》2010,(3):110-114
公共考古学的概念自20世纪70年代提出以来,"公共"(Public)一词的含义一直都是公共考古学研究的核心问题。"公共"蕴含着国家和公众两个不同的维度,根据"公共"一词包含的不同价值取向,国外公共考古学的研究经历了政府参与、公众参与、公众导向等三个不同的阶段,这对中国公共考古学的定位于"面向公众的考古学"提供了理论支撑。  相似文献   

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明末清初时事小说考订   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
本文对明末清初时事小说的鉴别标准作了辨析,对每部作品的作者、成书时间、所写事件结束时间及两者之间的时间差作了考订,以期能更准确地反映时事小说的面貌。  相似文献   

9.
目前学界对于美国汉学史的研究,多侧重于美国汉学概况、研究范式转变和著名中国学家及其著述的研究,而缺少从华裔汉学者对美国汉学之影响这一角度研究的论著。论文就赴美华裔汉学者对美国汉学的影响这一论题作了总体性探析。结果表明,20世纪40年代,一批从事中国文史研究的华裔学者赴美潜心于中国文史研究。他们在美所从事的文史研究是美国汉学发展的重要组成部分,对美国汉学产生了重要影响。他们对美国汉学的基础性贡献和推进作用具体表现在:协力培育美国汉学的基础、矫正美国汉学发展中的流弊、开拓美国汉学研究的新领域。  相似文献   

10.
本文通过美国华人杂碎馆兴衰史,从一个新的视角来说明中餐馆在美国的兴起和普及。杂碎馆反映了华裔文化移植到美国社会并进一步在那里发展的过程。在美国,饮食是最早而且可能是最有代表性的海外中华文化的标志。华人的饮食文化伴随着他们的生活方式、劳动和职业技能、经商能力和资本、家庭及其他文化传统与华人移民一起进入美国。炒杂碎是美国社会族裔文化如何形成的一个有示范性意义的例子。  相似文献   

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In this paper, I reflect on some of the more recent trends in cognitive behavioural research that includes work by geographers. In particular, I examine recent work on spatial decision‐making in the context of Intelligent Transportation Systems and Smart Environments, spatial cognition and human wayfinding behaviour, contributions to Geographic Information Science, and embellishing activity approaches that focus on episodic human behaviours. The paper emphasises that much of this research is multidisciplinary and that much of it is published in non‐geography journals. The paper concludes with some thoughts about future research directions, together with comments on how this research may influence the teaching and use of geographic concepts. ACRONYMS ATISAdvanced Traveller Information Systems CPMComputational Process Models CRTCathode Ray Tube DLDigital Library GISGeographic Information System GIScGeographic Information Science GPSGlobal Positioning Systems ITSIntelligent Transportation Systems UCSBUniversity of California Santa Barbara VEVirtual Environments  相似文献   

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A change in human adaptations on the Southern Plateau during the fourth millennium B.P offers the opportunity to investigate the process by which immediate-consumption strategies are replaced by delayed consumption strategies among hunter-gatherers. Assemblage structure and settlement pattern are used to infer the nature of resource acquisition strategies between 2000 and 6000 radiocarbon years B.P., and the results are compared with a proxy record of population and a detailed reconstruction of terrestrial and riverine paleoenvironments. Results show that a strategy of mobile and later occasionally sedentary foraging with little use of storage technology persisted until as late as 3500 B.P and was abruptly and without detectable gradation replaced by a strictly scheduled, semisedentary, logistically organized, storage-dependent collector strategy. The change took place at a time of depressed population and 400 years after a period of climatic cooling had begun, thus eliminating both demographic pressure and environmental determinism as explanations. The evidence could be explained by prolonged selective pressure of an increasingly seasonal environment acting on successively attempted behavioral variants, but the widespread rise of collector-like strategies throughout the west at about the same time leaves open the question of exogenous development and highlights the importance of climatic change.  相似文献   

13.
The “North Atlantic Ice-Edge Corridor” hypothesis proposes that sometime during the Last Glacial Maximum, roughly 26,500–19,000 years ago, human populations from southern France and the Iberian Peninsula made their way across the North Atlantic and colonized North America. A key element of that hypothesis is the apparent similarity between stone-tool-production techniques of Solutrean peoples of Western Europe and Clovis and purportedly pre-Clovis peoples of eastern North America, most especially the supposed intentional use of “controlled overshot flaking,” a technique for thinning a bifacial stone tool during manufacture. Overshot flakes, struck from prepared edges of the tool, travel across the face and remove part of the opposite margin. Experimental and archaeological data demonstrate, however, that the most parsimonious explanation for the production of overshot flakes is that they are accidental products created incidentally and inconsistently as knappers attempt to thin bifaces. Thus, instead of representing historical divergence, overshot flakes in Clovis and Solutrean assemblages mark convergence in the use of the same simple solution for thinning bifaces that produced analogous detritus.  相似文献   

14.
20世纪末期美国政府在文官考核制度方面进行了理论创新与实践探索。从单一的判断功能向多元复合功能的转变,从依据长官的主观评估向依据雇员与长官及同行多重评估的过渡,是这一时期美国政府文官考核制度中出现的新变化。这一变化对提升文官的素质、提高政府的效率产生了影响。  相似文献   

15.
针对目前在美国的中国公民权益受侵犯案件时常发生的现状,结合对从美国回来的华侨进行的社会调查,从国际法的视角,分析了在美国的中国公民权益受侵犯的主要现象和原因;指出了侵犯在当地的中国公民权益,是对国际法上关于国际人权保护和反种族歧视原则的践踏;并就如何保护在美国的中国公民权益问题提出了自己的看法。  相似文献   

16.
赵可 《史学月刊》2007,26(8):49-55
清末,一些有识之士发现城市自治制度是西方民主政治的基础性结构后,自觉地将实现民主政治的愿望寄托在争取城市自治之上。清末地方自治的实践主要侧重于城市进行,使城市自治运动实质上成为地方自治运动的主体。政治民主化城市优先发展的思路由此初露端倪,并且成为近代城市在政治层面发展的主线,影响着近代城市的发展走向。城市自治思想使近代城市的发展具有以追求实现民主政治为目标指向的主观精神动力。  相似文献   

17.
论文分别梳理了美国和中国关于铁路华工研究的学术史,并进行了比较与思考。认为美国横贯大陆铁路的通车,保障美国实现了真正的国家统一,开拓了美国的太平洋贸易时代。华工是铁路西段的建设主力,铸造了历史的丰碑。目前,对铁路华工的研究成果主要是"美国视角"下的学术实践:美国学界的研究起步早;研究资料主要来自美国;学术话题主要是美国学界在引领;中国的铁路华工研究仍处于边缘地位。这种状况既具有时代特点,也具有学术的时代局限。需要从地理和学术两个层面去突破"美国视角",深化铁路华工研究。  相似文献   

18.
近十年晚清财政史研究综述   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
晚清财政史研究是晚清经济史研究的重要领域之一。近十年来,学术界的目光主要集中于晚清财政状况、财政收支、财政制度等方面,在论和资料整理上均取得了丰硕成果。学们从纵向与横向两方面着笔,对晚清财政状况进行了宏观考察。财政收入研究侧重于外债、关税与厘金,而对外赔款仍是财政支出研究的热点。财政制度与体制方面,学界论述较多为中央与地方的财政关系问题。至于财政思想,学们对重要人物的财政思想研究较多,对总体性财政思想的研究则相对薄弱。此外,他们还对太平天国政权的赋税制度与政策予以客观分析和评价。  相似文献   

19.
二十世纪末叶 ,以加州硅谷为基地的美国电子信息产业发展迅猛 ,华人企业家在其中表现突出 ,展示出良好的发展前景。王安、王嘉廉和杨致远等代表人物都为信息产业做出了重要的贡献。这种现象的产生有着深刻的社会历史背景 ,包括计算机以及互联网技术对于传统经济的激烈冲击 ,美国华人社会知识和经济结构的变化 ,华人的精英阶层与主流社会融合和世界范围华人经济和文化的振兴等。华人企业家在信息产业中的优秀表现改变了十九世纪以来美国华人以廉价劳动力为基本生存方式的屈辱的历史 ,提高了华人的社会地位  相似文献   

20.
清末徽州新式教育经费的筹措与配置研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
徽州传统教育资源丰厚,旧有的田产租息、宾兴款项成为新式教育经费的重要来源之一。清末政府限于财力,实行"就地筹款、官不经手"的办学方针,为了维持学堂的正常运转,徽州办学绅董广拓财源,开征捐税,但是商人与地方民众却强烈反对抽捐兴学,地方官府出于维持地方社会安定的考虑,并没有采取强制措施,而是依违于学界与民众之间。由于事属草创,学堂还没有制定出一套严格的经费管理制度,存在浪费现象,这对学堂的发展造成了一定的负面影响。  相似文献   

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