宋两浙东路茶盐司刻本《周易注疏》考辨

经书之有注,缘于经文时代久远,人们难解其义,故有人起而为之作注、作传、作笺。再过若干历史时期,时代更为久远,人们不但对经文原义难于读懂,就连前人训释经文的传、注、笺文的意义也不明白了,于是就又有人起而为这些传、笺、注文加以训释,称为义疏、正义或者疏。《周易注疏》     

魏晋南北朝时期注释形式的发展——《魏晋南北朝时期历史文献学的成长》第五节

东汉末年,郑玄杂糅今古文之说,打破两汉经学注释的门户之见。以后的经学家继承这一学风,摈弃墨守一家陈规的陋习,注意兼采诸家之长,于是新的注释形式——“集解”便应运而生了。经书的集解形式很快运用于史书及其它书的注释,并且在一千多年后的今天仍在使用。何晏《论语集解》现存的十三经旧注,除《孝经》为唐明皇“御撰”外,汉人与魏晋人所撰各居其半,而魏晋人所注就有三部采用集解的形式,即何晏《论语集解》、杜预《春秋左氏传集解》、范宁《春秋谷梁传集解》。它们都不守一家之说,而集众家之解。何晏《论语集解》采孔安     

“穹苍，苍天也”新断

《尔雅》是训释古代名物的字典。其中《释天》专门训释天文星象等。其第一条一般被句读为“穹苍，苍天也”。其肇始於东汉李巡《尔雅注》，後人邢呙《尔雅疏》、郝懿行《尔雅义疏》、王阖运《尔雅集解》、尹桐阳《尔雅义证》等皆同。今人胡奇光、方环海《尔雅译注》，李传书整理的《尔雅注疏》（北京大学出版社，2000年），王世伟整理的《尔雅注疏》（上海古籍出版社，2010年）也都是如此句读。     

廖平《左传》研究对杜预的批评

杜预的经学成就主要在《左传》注,成书《春秋左氏经传集解》、《春秋释例》。杜预在《左传》研究方面的创获主要在如下几个方面:其一,杜预所谓“集解”不同于何休之“集众家之解”,而是“集经传而解之”之意,杜预《春秋左氏经传集解序》称:“分经之年,与传之年相附,比其义类,各     

史学精粹

正李建:《赵汸〈春秋〉"策书之例"与"笔削之义"说论析》(《史学史研究》2015年第4期)在《春秋》学史上,元末《春秋》学家赵汸研治《春秋》的最大特点是以义例说经。他考论鲁史与《春秋》之别,明辨史"例"与经"义"之分,提出了系统的以"策书之例"与"笔削之义"为核心的《春秋》书法义例说。其《春秋》义例学说,是在依据《左传》及杜预注、融通三传史法经义说、批判继承诸家义例书法说基础上的发明,不仅体系颇为严密完整,而且从方法论层面上形成了独具特色的《春秋》诠释学系统。赵汸的《春秋》义例学所体现出的会通经史、据传求经,由《左传》     

《尚书正义》经、注、疏及《释文》异文的校勘价值

在《十三经注疏》中,《尚书正义》的经文、注文、《释文》遭窜改比较严重,学者常从版本比较、或辨今古文之异、或分析语言文字、或根据经文语义、或借助出土文献等角度进行辨伪、校勘与分析,从经文、注文、《释文》与义疏之异文进行考察也是重要的校勘途径,可以弥补其它方法的疏漏与不足.     

赵汸《春秋》“策书之例”与“笔削之义”说论析

在《春秋》学史上,元末《春秋》学家赵汸研治《春秋》的最大特点是以义例说经。他考论鲁史与《春秋》之别,明辨史"例"与经"义"之分,提出了系统的以"策书之例"与"笔削之义"为核心的《春秋》书法义例说。其《春秋》义例学说,是在依据《左传》及杜预注、融通三传史法经义说、批判继承诸家义例书法说基础上的发明,不仅体系颇为严密完整,而且在方法论层面上形成了独具特色的《春秋》诠释学系统。赵汸的《春秋》义例学所体现出的会通经史、据传求经,由《左传》到《春秋》、由考证史法而辨析经义的治经理路,以及力纠唐宋以来舍传求经、虚辞说经、附会穿凿之弊端的经学理念,是其《春秋》义例学说的主要价值和贡献。     

《礼记·少仪》“祭左右轨、范”校析

《十三经注疏》中"轨"字,因涉及《诗经》、《周礼》、《礼记》经文和郑玄笺注多处,故其最初形体和字义,历来聚讼颇多。戴震认为"轨"只有"车辙"义,而"祭左右轨、范"中"轨"字最初当是"(車开)"字,从而较好地解决了各经中的相关问题。在此基础之上,以孔颖达的观点为基石,考察了《礼记·少仪》的经、注、疏,同时兼述今《礼记正义》各整理本的相关之情况,管窥其优劣。     

关于《谷梁传》的源流及真伪问题

《谷梁作》是《春秋》三传之一,在儒家经典中占有重要地位.晋范宁说:“《谷梁》清而婉.”唐啖助说:“《谷梁》意深”,对《谷梁传》所反映的儒家思想都有很高的评价.今天我们在整理古籍的工作中,对于这样一部儒家的著作,不能不给予充分的注意.但是在近代,有些学者出来贬低《谷梁传》的价值,说它是一部汉人编造的伪古文,在史学界造成了很大影响.因此,有必要辨明这个问题.     

朱熹所谓《春秋》之“难”探析

朱熹为宋代理学集大成者,其对经书典籍都有研究,但对《春秋》多次指其“难看”“难读”“不可晓”.通过分析朱熹对《春秋》性质、孔子作《春秋》的原因、《春秋》与“三传”的关系、解读《春秋》之方法的理解,可以看出朱熹以史解经,以理判史.《春秋》之“难”一方面是《春秋》经文本身简略,难于考证;另一方面是《春秋》诸家注疏多有臆凿之...     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.