The Creation of Science and Technology Terms in Tibetan and Modernization in Tibet

1.There can be no modernization in Tibet withoutmodern science and technology,and the dissemina-tion of modern science and technology needs languageas an intermediary.As the main common language ofthe Tibetan people,the Tibetan spoken and writtenlanguage has played a very important role in the exist-ence and development of the Tibetan people.It hashelped to promote and maintain material and ethicalprogress,and to maintain the integrity of the nation,and so has left a brilliant page in the cultural store-house of the motherland.Now,as society witnessesprogress in science and technolog,and confronts the     

The Consolidation of the Suzerain-vassal Relationship between Tibet and Bhutan

Pho-lha-nas quelled the civil strife in Bhutan in 1730,and in 1734,and both sides of the conflict respectively dispatched envoys to Beijing to ask the Qing Court to confer honorific titles,which resulted in the final establishment of the Suzerain-vassal relationship between Tibet and Bhutan in the Qing Dynasty.However,the establishment of the political subordination relations did not necessarily eliminate the estrangement caused by the confrontations between Tibet and Bhutan in the past over 100 years.     

丹巴古碉建筑文化综览(英文)

The upper reaches of the Three Rivers of western Sichuan~1 is one of the areas which boast ancient Tibetan and Qiang pillboxes. Danba county~2 was and is well known for the architectural culture of ancient pillboxes. The county was hence famed as "the country of a thousand pillboxes." According to the documents I have in hand and the fieldwork I made in the area, the pillboxes of Danba county are the most numerous, widest in distribution, most complete in function and type, and the clearest and longest in historical development among all counties. Danba is the most suitable place for studying ancient pillboxes and also for solving the mystery of the architectural culture of ancient pillboxes in the area of the Three Rivers.     

木雕奇葩——核雕与范匏器

It is two relatively particular straiies in the wood carving technology that the stone and Fanpaoqi. The stone is engraved, and in with olive stone and peach checks and the consequence stone engraves in the interest of the stuff cherry stone and so on; Fanpaoqi, but the convention calls calabash utensil either the matrix calabash. It is relatively complex that such is manufacture technology.     

浙江出土的金银器

The gold was put into use as early as Shang dynasty. From the late Tang dynasty on, the private gold and silver workshop came into being in accord with the improvement of excavation and workmanship systems, which stimulates greatly the gold and silver production in the southern China. Most of the gold and silver wares unearthed in Zhe Jiang are from Late Tang to Ming dynasty. Its categories and shapes are closely fit in with the needs of daily life.     

The Guardian of Electric Supply

正Since the peaceful liberation of Tibet in 1951, the electric power industry in the region has made leaps and bounds in progress and development.Such remarkable achievement is not common in world history, and with the aim to provide electricity to every single household in the Tibet Autonomous Region, a comprehensive information and telecommunications network was established between it and Qinghai and Sichuan Provinces. This triad of a network covering     

Tibetan Buddhist Style Porcelain Scored in the Imperial Palace of the Qing Dynasty and the Religious Beliefs of Emperors

Throughout the past dynasties of China,porcelainhas always been used by royalty in their palaces.Onone hand they were articles for the daily use and ap-praisal of the aristocracy,and on the other hand,ritualimplements used in ceremonies honouring the ances-tors of the royal families.The high status and prestigeof porcelain were unrivaled.Because of the specialproperties of porcelain,in the Palace the aestheticperception,tastes and faith of the emperors directlyinfluenced and even restricted the development ofporcelain.     

浅析代笔书画

Ghostuwriting is a most complicate and difficult problem in the respect of Chinese calligraphy and painting authcntication because the ghostwriting is the requirement of the painter himself and usually approved by him. The painter will cooperate with the ghostwriter and try to be invulnerable. The author introduces such kind of phenomenou in the Chinese calligraphy and painting history in quite a detail. which is believed to he a great help to the authentieators or collectora.     

DISAPPEARING OF GREEKS＇ LEGEND IN NORTH EAST OF IRAN

The Greeks legends, which appeared on the Parthian coins, seem to be meaningless and consider as one of the ambiguities in the history of Parthian dynasty. From the beginning of first century AD, the Greeks legend appeared on Parthian Coins are vague and only seem to be symbolic. By the invasion of Sakas to the north of Iran which led to extinction of the governing of the Greeks in Bactria and pushed them back to the north India, Romans finally succeeded to add the Seleucid as a part of their territory, and left the traders in Selucia and Babylonia in the west and Margiana and Bactria on the east under domination of locals rather than the Greeks. In this article we are to investigate of decline of Greeks in Bactria and its relation to meaningless Greek legends on Parthian coins.     

Female Workers,Political Mobilization,and the Meaning of Revolutionary Citizenship in Beijing, 1948-1950

After entering Beijing in January 1949, the Communist Party immediately sent cadres to local factories in order to mobilize female industrial workers into a women＇s movement and to establish the idea of ＂revolutionary citizenship.＂ The Party wished to nurture this idea in both the local political arena and in women＇s lives inside and outside the factories. This article demonstrates that a host of factors defined revolutionary citizenship, including party directives, choices in revolutionary strategy, cadres＇ interpretations of directives and their own initiatives, and workers＇ reactions to mobilization. It was in this complex mix of mobilization, women＇s strategies to protect and advance their own interests, and the politics of group representation in the revolution, that female workers came to understand the meaning and impact of revolutionary citizenship and the shape of labor-state relations in the emerging socialist China.     

Abstracts

The Tangut Contracts of Selling and Hiring Livestock
Shi Jinbo （ p. 1 ）
The newly discovered Tangut contracts of selling livestock which provide many details of livestock trade prove to be very valuable on the research of the commerce, the agriculture and animal husbandry economy, and the civil life in the Tangut Kingdom. Having translated 20 nearly complete contracts of selling or hiring livestock written in cursive Tangut characters into Chinese, this article exhibits the form and content of these contracts. Based on the new data provided by these contracts, an exploration of the price of livestock in the Tangut Kingdom can be carried out. After analyzing the different features of exchange of grain and money for livestock in Khara Khoto and Wuwei, the paper considers the monetary economy in Wuwei region being more developed. The soaring price of livestock in the contracts at the end of the Tangut Kingdom describes a miserable scene of unrest and inflation on the background of the Mongol invasion.     

Iodel of Library Training Prograrm at the Tibet Library

Librarianship in Tibet has changed gradually through the years. Its development has been closely tied to the movement of history, economics, and culture in Tibet. There are many issues that have become obstacles in the development of Tibetan libraries. Foremost among these issues is the shortage of professionally trained librarians. This paper discusses the history of Tibetan libraries, and explores the situation of the library and information science （LIS） profession in Tibet. Finally, through analysis of current situations and problems, this paper discusses a model of a library training program at the Tibet library to provide variety and appropriate continuing education for librarians in Tibet.     

藏汉语言态度和藏语情节(英文)

The language policy being employed in Tibet is"Tibetan language in the majority,but Tibetan and Chinese language side by side".We have already writ- ten articles on language acquisition and the use of Ti- betan and Chinese in Tibet.We find that there is some disparity among Tibetan residents in the acquisition and use of these languages.Subconscious emotion in language has many aspects,including attitudes and actions.We will discuss this in reference to a test analy- sis of attitudes towards the two languages.     

Hokkien Merchants and the Kian Teik Tong: Economic and Political Influence in Nineteenth-Century Penang and Its Region

This article explores nineteenth-century Penang's Hokkkien merchants and their secret society or hui-the Kian Teik Tong (Jiande Tang)-which had a variety of roles and an extensive network.It contextualizes the merchants' secret society as a transnational socioeconomic and political organization rather than as an overseas Chinese criminal group in the wider Penang area.By recovering Kian Teik Tong and its network,it can be shown how these merchants secured and mobilized labour,capital,and allies in a way that cut across linguistic,ethnic,class and state boundaries in order to establish control of coolies and the lucrative opium,tin,and rice businesses,in order to exert political influence in the colonial and indigenous milieus of the nineteenth-century Penang region.They established a social contract through their Kian Teik Tong relief activities and initiation rituals,and thus were able to recruit thousands of members who were mainly labourers.With such a substantial social force,the merchants launched organized violence against their rivals to attain dominance in opium revenue farming and tin mining businesses in Penang,Krabi,and Perak.The widespread and strategic location of the Kian Teik Tong in Burma also enabled the same merchants to monopolize the Penang-Burma rice trade.The versatility of the Kian Teik Tong's functions allowed them to operate as an alternative political order vis-a-vis the colonial and indigenous powers.This arrangement allowed the Hokkien merchants to gain significant political clout in confronting the Siamese and Dutch authorities.     

Lzvzng Customs of Sherpa People

Most Sherpa people believe in Tibetan Buddhism. There are two monasteries in Lixing and Chengtang respectively with the name of Gongbasaba and Lagang. Most people follow either the Saga or Geju Sect, although there are also followers of Gelug Sect and Nyingma Sect. The disciples of the Sagya and Gagyu sects can marry and form families. They do not live in the monastery but farm monastery＇s lands, and go to the monastery to burn joss sticks, lay offerings and chant sutras. Even the people who are not followers of the Gelug Sect adore the Dalai Lama and Panchen Erdeni.     

Tibetan Knives

The style of Tibetan knives comes in four kinds:knives unique to the Lhasa and Xigaze areas,Gungbo area,Amdo area and Kham area.Lharze and Namling Tibetan knives are what people always talk about as being representative of the knives found in the Lhasa and Xigaze aareas.Craftsmen in the Lharze and Namling areas pay much attention to the steel-making fire when making the knife‘s edge.     

Abstracts

Structural Features and Expressions of Five-Character Poem in Western Jin： Also on Differences between ＂Weizhi＂ and ＂Jinzao＂
Ge xiaoyin （p. 1）
The most significant change of the five-character poem in Western Jin, compared with Han and Wei dynasties, was diversifications in chapter structure and Symmetry in words. Structure changes of the five-character poem in Western Jin which started in the Wei Dynasty drove the poetry out of the single scene of Han＇s poety and be able to organize different time and space scenes more freely, elaborating the scenes, event progress or mentalities completely. These may be the reason West Jin＇s poetry was called cumbersome rhetoric, but also the reason the capacity of the five-character poem was expanded greatly, which was the very stage of five-character poem from Han and Wei to Jin and Liu Song dynasties.     

HIGHLIGHTS

King Gesar is a focus of study in and outside China. Accomplished scholars include:——Alexandra David-Neel (1868-1969): A noted French expert in Oriental studies, Chinese and Tibetan studies in the 20th century, she visited Tibet and surrounding areas five times for survey. Her treatises and diaries related to the Orient, especially to Tibet and related areas, were translated into many languages and published repeatedly.——Ren Neiqiang (1894-1989): A noted geologist, an expert in ethnic groups and a pioneer in Tibetan studies. From 1939 to 1944, he published his Initial Introduction to "Tibetan Three Kingdoms" and "On the Three Kingdoms" in Border Government Affairs Forum and Kangdao Month.——R.A. Stein (1911-1999): He is held as the most successful Tibetan study worker in France in the 20th century. And he was one of the few who could do research in both Tibetan and Chinese. His contribution to the study of King Gesarfinds expression in his effort to translate the epic.——Wang Yinuan (1907-1998): A     

NEW BOOKS

Tibetan Race and Eastern Tibet CivilizationAuthored by Shi Shu, the book probes into the source of Tibetan race and its relations with the ancient civilization in the Henduan mountainous area in eastern Tibet.The book is divided into six chapters. The first chapter is devoted to ancient civilization of eastern Tibet; the second chapter to the source of the Tibetan race plus related stories; the third chapter to the source and ties between Mo tribe and tribes in the Henduan mountainous area; the fifth chapter to Yi people in the Henduan mountainous area in ancient time; and the sixth chapter to concluding remarks.The 32-mo book, running to 235,000 words, has been published by the Sichuan People's Publishing House and is priced at 32 Yuan per copy.