The medical content of English almanacs 1640-1700

There has been a great deal of recent interest in popular health care in early modern England, resulting in studies on a range of topics from practitioners through remedial treatment. Over the past decade, the history of books has also attracted growing interest. This is particularly true for the seventeenth century, a period marked by a dramatic rise in all types of printed works. The 1640s are especially significant in the evolution of printed vernacular medical publications, which continued to flourish during the rest of the century. While recent studies on popular medical books have contributed greatly to our understanding of contemporary medical beliefs and practices, they have failed to properly recognize the effect that almanacs had on early modern medicine. Although their primary function was not to disseminate medical information, most provided a great deal of medical information. Furthermore, these cheap, annual publications targeted and were read by a wide cross-section of the public, making them the first true form of British mass media. This article is based on the content of 1,392 almanacs printed between 1640 and 1700, which may make it the largest comparative study of the medical content of any early modern printed works. The project has resulted in two major findings. First of all, almanacs played a major part in the dissemination, continuing popularity, and longevity of traditional astrological and Galenic beliefs and practices. Secondly, at the same time, almanacs played an important early role in the growth of medical materialism in Britain.     

The significance of values: heritage value typologies re-examined

A critical discussion of value typologies for heritage conservation and management is offered, from the perspective of objects and urban conservation, in light of a review of published literature on heritage values. It is suggested that value typologies are often designed and implemented without understanding the implicit consequences of the inclusion and omission of ‘values’. It is also suggested that typologies often fail to prompt the necessary questions to develop satisfactorily detailed understandings of heritage significance, resulting in decisions being based on implicit, rather than explicit, value assessments in practice. Mindful of the problems associated with ‘universalising’ context specific typologies, a broad framework for assessing and communicating significance is proposed. In order to encourage holistic approaches, the framework is designed to combat the false dichotomies of cultural/natural and tangible/intangible heritage; it is hoped this will make the framework widely applicable. Without downplaying the necessity of diverse participation in assessing significance, the framework is designed to identify aspects of weakness and preference in cases where adequate consultation is not possible.     

19世纪70年代的英国农业危机及其影响

１８７３年,资本主义世界爆发了一次空前严重的世界性经济危机,它标志着自由资本主义发展到顶点并开始向垄断资本主义过渡,从而使１９世纪７０年代成为资本主义发展史上具有转折意义的关键时期。英国这个在资本主义世界一直处于中心地位的国家,在这次危机中未能幸免,...     

The Migrations and Changing Culture of the Alabama and Coushatta, 1700-1900

The Alabama and Coushatta Indians have been known to history since the De Solo Expedition (1539-1541 A.D.) and to prehistory since Mature Mississippian times (1200-1500 A.D.). This study focuses on cultural changes through time—from 1700 A.D. to 1900 A.D.—and postulates a reducing tradition, or an increasing simplification through loss of culture traits over the time frame.

Both tribes passed from the Mature Mississippian to the Burial Urn Culture and on the Alabama River both adopted the culture of the Creeks. They came into early contact with the English arid French traders (17th and 18th centuries), inducing further cultural changes.

Migration also played a role in the reducing tradition. The Alabama and Coushatta moved west after the Treaty of Paris (1763) and abandoned the Alabama River completely after the Creek War (1813-1814). Numerous encampments and villages were set up in Louisiana. The Alabama finally moved to east Texas: the Coushatta consolidated at Indian Village. Louisiana (1840s) where they were forced off the land by white homesteaders. After their Indian cultural traditions were all but lost, the Coushatta finally settled near Bayou Blue in Louisiana (1884).     

东北少数民族生态文化变迁中的体系危机与维度转换

东北少数民族的生态文化不仅在历史长河中折射了民族存续的古老智慧,而且在现代工业化达到较高程度而面临生态压力的今天,更日益进发出引人入胜的价值之光.本文全面概括了东北少数民族传统生态文化的静态特征,及其在当代工业文明下所面临的体系危机和变迁压力,并从生产方式位移——生态环境变异——生态文化变迁的三维转换模式出发,剖析了文化变迁的现实路径,进而提出了相应的政策建议.     

1926年中东路危机后苏联在中东路问题上态度的变化及其实质

1926年1月中苏中东路危机后,苏联在中东路问题上的确就用人及利润分配等方面向中方作出了一些让步.但苏联的让步是在苏联主导下的有原则的让步,其实质是要保住中东路,维护在中东路的既得利益.     

The Northeast Asian - Northwest American Microblade Tradition (NANAMT)

Abstract

In 1935, N. C. Nelson raised the possibility of a prehistoric trans-Beringian migration. His hypothesis was unique in that it was based upon specific artifactual evidence. New data from northern British Columbia and comparative technotypological analysis of microblade core production provide additional support for Nelson's hypothesis. It is possible to recognize a Northeast Asian-Northwest American Microblade Tradition (NANAMT) and to define several subtraditions. The distribution of NANAMT manifestations through space and time indicate the spread of the tradition from its presumed origin in southern Siberia/northern China to other parts of Asia and across Beringia to the New World.

The “spread” of the culture complex may have been brought about through diffusion, migration, or both. In evolutionary terms, it seems to be the Advanced Palaeolithic-Mesolithic northeast Asian equivalent of southwest Asia's microlithic industries.     

Aesthetic Cartography: The Cultural Function of Portolan Charts from 1300 to 1700

The earliest printed maps 1472–1500. By Tony Campbell. London: The British Library, 1987. ISBN 0 7123 0133 X. Pp. xii, 244, illus. £40.00 (cloth).

Die ?Caerte van oostlant? des Cornells Anthonisz‐ 1543: die alteste gedruckte Seekarte Nordeuropas und inhre Segelanweisung. By Arend W. Lang. Schriften des Deutschen Schifiahrtsmeums Bd. 8. Hamburg: Ernst Kabel Ver‐lag, 1986. ISBN 3 8225 0012 7. Pp 168, 108 plates. DM 68.00.

Gilded scenes and shining prospects: panoramic views of British towns 1575–1900. By Ralph Hyde. Catalogue of an exhibition held 9th October to 15th December 1985. New Haven, Conn.: Yale Centre for British Art, 1985. ISBN 0 930606 49 3. Pp. 207, illus. £23.00.

L'Inventaire du Monde: géographic et politique aux origines de I'Empire romain. By Claude Nicolet. Paris: Librairie Artheme Fayard, 1988. ISBN 2 213 02020 5. Pp. 345, illus. FF160.00 (paper).

Espace français: vision et aménagement, XVI^e XIX^e siècle. Exposition organisé par la Direction des Archives de France, Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication. Paris: Archives Nationales, 1987. ISBN 2 86000 135 2. Pp. 192, col. plates. FFI20 (paper).

Les militaires et la cartographie des Pays‐Bas Méridionaux et de la Principauté de Liège à la fin du xvii^e et au xviii^e siècle. By Claire Lemoine‐Isabeau. Centre D'Histoire Militaire, Travaux 19. Bruxelles: Musée Royal de L'Armée et Centre d'Histoire Militaire, 1984. ISBN 2 87051 0055. Pp.296, 30 plates. [Musée Royal de L'Armée et Centre d'Histoire Militaire, Pare du Cinquantenaire, 3, B‐1040 Bruxelles.]

Civil War maps: an annotated list of maps and atlases in the Library of Congress. Compiled by Richard W. Stephen‐son. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1988. ISBN 084405981. Pp. viii, 410, illus. US$46.00 (cloth).

Island, Grönland und das nördliche Eismeer im Bild der Kartographie seit dem 10. Jahrhundert. By Oswald Dreyer‐Eimbcke. Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft im Hamburg 77. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden, 1987. ISBN 3 515 05102 3. Pp. iv, 170, illus. DM65.00. [Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden GmbH, Birkenwaldstraße 44, Postfach 347, 7000 Stuttgart 1.]

L'analse de la carte ancienne: essai méthodologique: la carte du Bas‐Canada de 1831 de Joseph Bouchette. By Claude Boudrea. Rapports et Mémoires de recherche du CELAT 7. Québec: Université Laval, 1986. Pp. viii, 170, plates. [Centre d'études sur la langue, les arts et les traditions populaires des francophones en Amérique du Nord (CELAT), Faculté des Lettres, Universié Laval, Cité universitaire, Québec G1K 7PA.]

La Città de Napoli tra Vedutismo e Cartografia: Piante e Vedute dal XV al XIX Secolo. A cura di Giulo Pane e Vladimiro Valero. Napoli: Grimaldi &; C. Editori, 1987. Pp. 438, illus. [Grimaldi &; C. Editori, Via Bausan 61, 80121 Napoli.]

Exploration and mapping of the American West: selected essays. Edited by Donna P. Koepp. Map and Geography Round Table of the American Library Association, Occasional Paper 1. Chicago: Speculum Orbis Press for The Map and Geography Round Table of the American Library Association, 1986. ISBN 0 932757 01 4. Pp. viii, 184, illus. US$18.95 (cloth).

Explorations in the history of Canadian cartography: a collection of essays. Edited by Barbara Farrell and Aileen Desbarats. Ottawa: Association of Canadian Map Libraries and Archives, 1988. ISBN 0 9690682 6 3. Pp. xii, 274, illus. CDN$25.00 (paper). [Associationof Canadian Map Libraries and Archives, c/o Cartographic and Architectural Archives Division, National Archives of Canada, 395 Wellington Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A ON3.]

Jamaica surveyed: plantation maps and plans of the eighteen and nineteenth‐centuries. By B. W. Higman. Kingston, Jamaica: Institute of Jamaica Publications Ltd., 1988. ISBN 976 8017 08 2. Pp. xvi, 308, illus. £20.00 (paper) [Institute ofjamaica Publications Ltd., 2A Suther‐mere Road, Kingston 10, Jamaica.]

The Sanuto sixteenth‐century Venetian globe gores: Chicago: Holzheimer Research and Publications Project and Hermon Dunlap Center for the History of Cartography, 1987. 24 sheets. Published with: The Holzheimer Venetian globe gores of the sixteenth‐century by David Woodward. Madison: The Juniper Press, 1987. Pp. iv, 20. US$395.00 (boxed).

Printed maps of the British Isles 1650–1750. By Rodney W. Shirley. Tring: Map Collector Publications; London: The British Library, 1988. ISBN 0 7123 0142 9. Pp. 168, illus. £48.00 (cloth).

The city in maps: urban mapping to 1900. By James Elliot. Published by the British Library to accompany an exhibition held from June 1987 to December 1987. London: The British Library, 1987. ISBN 0 7123 0134 8. Pp. 88, 58 illus. £9.95 (paper).

Keyguide to information sources in cartography. By Alan G. Hodgkiss and Andrew F. Tatham. London: Mansell Publishing, 1986. ISBN 0 7201 1768 2. Pp. x, 253. £25.00 (cloth),

Maps and map‐makers of the Aegean. By Vasilis Sphyroe‐ras, Anna Avramea, and Spyros Asdrahas. Translated by G. Cox and J. Solman. Athens: Olkos Ltd., 1985. ISBN 0892414553. Pp.263, 166illus, col. plates. $100.00.

Maps with the news: the development of American journalist cartography. By Mark Monmonier. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1989. ISBN 0 226 53411 1. Pp. xiv, 331, illus. £19.95 (cloth).

Origem e desenvolvimento da cartografia Portugesa na Epoca dos descrobrimentos [The origins and development of Portuguese cartography at the time of the Discoveries]. By Alfredo Pin‐heiro Marques. Descoberta do Mundo. [Lisbon]: Imprensa Nacional ‐ Casa da Moeda, 1987. Pp. 228, 16 illus. 2,100 Escudos (cloth).

The charts &; Coastal views of Captain Cook's voyages, 1: The voyage of the Endeavour 1768–1771. Edited by Andrew David, Riidiger Joppien and Bernard Smith. Hakluyt Society Extra Series 43. London: The Hakluyt Society (with Australia Academy of the Humanities), 1988. ISBN 0 904180 23 9. Pp. lxiv, 328, illus. £100.00 (cloth). [The Hakluyt Society, c/o The British Library, Map Library, Great Russell Street, London WCIB 3DG],

Plantation acres: an historical study of the Irish land surveyor and his maps. By J. H. Andrews. Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation, 1985. ISBN 0 901 905 35 6. Pp. xxiv, 462, illus, 29 plates. £16.50 (cloth). [Ulster Historical Foundation, 68 Balmoral Avenue, Belfast BT9 6NY, Northern Ireland].

Indian maps and plans from earliest times to the advent of European surveys. By Susan Gole. New Delhi: Manohar Publications, 1989. ISBN 8h 85054 58 4. Pp.207, Illus. £45.00. [Jaya Books, 240^b Kentish Town Road, London NW5 1DD, or South Asia Books, PO Box 502, Columbia, Missouri 65205],     

Putting the crisis to work: The real estate sector and London's housing crisis

The idea of ‘crisis’ plays an important role in academic and policy imaginations (Heslop and Ormerod, 2020), particularly since the global financial crisis. Across major western cities, at the same time as policy-makers have had to respond to ‘the (economic) crisis’, many have also experienced intense ‘housing crises’ and the acute divergence of average incomes and house prices. In response, cities such as London have become central sites in debates around housing acquisition by the ultra-wealthy, land value extraction and growing levels of unaffordability. However, much critical geography research on housing crises is state-centred or focused on civil society impacts, with relatively little reflection on the real estate sector and the work that crisis does as a narrative in shaping institutionalised and actor-centred practices. In this paper, we draw on in-depth research with developers, investors, and advisors in London to argue that crisis-driven policy responses have created political risk which is differentially experienced by actors across the sector, with large housebuilders and advisors benefitting whilst smaller niche developers move out. Moreover, we show how consultants, investors and developers have used the crisis situation to create new geographies, products and investor types in the housing market. These, in turn, require regulatory support and demonstrate the inherently political nature of crisis narratives' use. We use the London case to broaden understandings of the impact that conceptualisations of ‘crisis’ have on urban and regional planning practices, and how these influence and shape processes of contemporary urban development.