DIALOGUES IN HISTORIOGRAPHY Historiography and Historians of Neuroscience: Towards Diversity in the ISHN

This article introduces and critiques the historiographical tradition of the history of the neurosciences as it has been established in the International Society for the History of the Neurosciences (ISHN). The founding members of the ISHN were practitioner-historians, practitioners of the neurosciences with an interest in the great moments, ideas and controversies in the history of their field. The historiographical precedent set by these clinician-historians emphasized those aspects of history most interesting to them. Academic historians bring a different approach to the history of the neurosciences, particularly an interest in studying the intellectual and cultural contexts of both the inherited and the forgotten ideas about the nervous system. Their approach to history has not been well represented in the ISHN, in part because the current historiographical tradition does not address their interests. This article highlights the methodological and epistemological differences between academic and practitioner-historians and discusses the difficulties that other historical societies have faced in trying to bring them together. The article then suggests ideas for symposia that might facilitate an interdisciplinary dialogue and a revised historiographical tradition that speaks to the needs of both academic historians and practitioner historians.     

Development of the graptoloid rhabdosome

Proximal development of the dichograptoid rhabdosome is re-examined in detail. Two major types are recognised: the artus type (= dichograptid type of Bulman) in which th 1¹ is dicalycal, and the isograptid type (= isograptid + leptograptid types of Bulman) in which theca 1² is dicalycal. In branching dichograptids, distal stipe division takes place by replication of the thecal budding sequence employed in the initial dichotomy of the rhabdosome and is always of isograptid type. Dichotomies beyond the first are unknown in species with initial development of other than isograptid type. The thecal budding pattern and stipe composition of dendroids can be interpreted in terms of the structure of, and thecal notation used for, graptoloids and it is thus possible to compare directly the mode of stipe division in the two groups. It is found that both distal and proximal dichotomy in dendroids are achieved by a pattern of thecal budding closely comparable with that of the isograptid type of division in graptoloids. The isograptid development type is therefore thought to have been directly derived from dendroids, and is the primitive type for Graptoloidea. The artus type was derived via three or more independent lineages, at least one of which (that leading to the artus group of pendent didymograptids) involved an ancestor with isograptid development. Proximal end characters of Phyllograptus suggest that this genus and biserial graptolites of the family Diplograptidae shared a common ancestor.     

铁器文物腐蚀与保护的研究现状

影响铁器文物腐蚀的主要因素有氧化气氛、潮湿环境、土壤的酸碱性环境和可溶性环境.本文介绍了铁器腐蚀的主要产物以及研究铁器文物腐蚀的主要方法,综述了目前国内外对铁器文物腐蚀和保护研究的最新进展.     

近十五年来真实性在国内外旅游中的研究对比

旅游界对真实性研究了四十多年,尚无统一的定论。近十五年是国内外真实性研究的大发展时期,更是填补了国内真实性研究的空白。本文主要着眼于近十五年来真实性在国内外的研究,分别从理论研究、真实性与旅游保护开发、真实性与旅游经营管理、真实性与旅游发展等几个方面进行对比,总结出国内对真实性研究与国外研究的差距,得到我国未来对真实性研究的方向和启示。     

‘On mind‐blindness (optic agnosia)’, a classical clinico‐pathological report,and its author Wilhelm von Stauffenberg (1879–1918)*

Abstract

Two photographs from the beginning of our century still instructively illustrate the phenomenon of visual agnosia: the perplexed face of an old lady confronted with objects clears after touching them. This patient with bilateral posterior cerebral infarction was followed for seven years at the Munich Medicine Department of Friedrich von Müller (1858–1941) who had a strong interest in neurology. His assistant Wilhelm von Stauffenberg (1879–1918) reported the case in great detail, including anatomical analysis performed under Constantin von Monakow (1853–1930). Promoted to “Privatdozent”; in 1913 on the basis of this report, Stauffenberg's work included several additional, similarly extensive clinico‐anatomical case studies but was not limited to problems of cerebral localisation. Under the influence of the Burghölzli group in Zürich he started to practice psychotherapy. Stauffenberg, deeply interested also in the arts and in literature, was the physician of the poet Rainer Maria Rilke (1875–1926) from 1914. He succumbed to pneumonia in 1918.     

察同察异求规律:比较史学的追求

最早倡导比较史学的社会哲学家孔德和密尔以及被誉为比较史学名家的马克·布洛赫都认为,比较史学的功用在于察同察异求规律。然而,由于他们都未能找到决定历史进程的“首要因素”或“普遍原因”,终究未能实现探求规律的抱负。只有马克思主义历史唯物主义,才提供了实现这一抱负的根本途径。     

Crossing Boundaries: Diplomacy and the Global Dimension, 1700–1850

Abstract

This is a comment on the contributions to this special issue (‘Intercultural Diplomacies’) structured around the interactions of cultural zones across Eurasia, the role of intermediaries and networks, and, finally, processes of change 1700–1850.