Microflora of the H.Y.C. Pyritic Shale Member of the Barney Creek Formation (McArthur Group), middle Proterozoic of northern Australia

The H.Y.C. Pyritic Shale Member of the Barney Creek Formation (ca 1 500 my old; northern Australia) contains several stratiform base metal sulfide deposits of economic significance. Black cherts within these mineral deposits preserve a diverse assemblage of bacterial and algal microfossils. The assemblage differs from most other Precambrian biotas so far described in that it was deposited in deep water, it is not associated with stromatolites or algal mats, and it is dominated by filamentous bacteria, most of which are pyritized. Analysis of the assemblage suggests that the depth of the depositional basin exceeded that of the photic zone, that the bacteria inhabited the basin floor where they maintained anoxic conditions through heterotrophic degradation of detrital organic matter, and that the algae inhabited overlying near surface waters. Most of the algal fossils have been assigned to the Cyanophyta, although two of the described species are potentially referable to the eukaryotic green or red algae. Differences between this assemblage and other biotas described from the McArthur Group suggest that a workable system of biostratigraphic zonation for the Group is feasible.

Fossils in the H.Y.C. assemblage are here referred to 21 species and 16 genera, of which 14 species and 6 genera are new. The new taxa are: Bacteria, Biocatenoides incrustata sp. nov., B. pertenuis sp. nov., Ramacia carpentariana gen. et sp. nov., Coleobacter primus gen. et sp. nov., Ferrimonilis variabile gen. et sp. nov.; Chroococcales (Cyanophyta), Nanococcus vulgaris gen. et sp. nov., Bisacculoides tabeoviscus gen. et sp. nov., B. vacua gen. et sp. nov., B. grandis gen. et sp. nov.; Nostocales (Cyanophyta), Oscillatoriopsis schopfii sp. nov., Cyanonema inflatum sp. nov., C. minor sp. nov.; Incertae sedis, Clonophycus elegans gen. et sp. nov., Globophycus minor sp. nov. In addition, the new combination Gunflintia septata (Schopf) is proposed.     

区域产业结构演变城市化响应形态的演化规律

引入\"产业结构演变的城市化响应形态\"的概念,从单一城市和城市群体两个空间层次构建产业结构演变城市化响应形态的理论模型,揭示产业结构演变城市化响应形态演化的一般规律,得出以下结论:伴随着经济发展以及产业结构的优化升级,城市从单一的城市形态逐渐向城市群体空间形态演化,从都市区到城市整合体,城市群体形态不断发展演化。在现代快速化、立体化交通体系的支撑下,城市(城市群体)迅速走向区域,并最终向区域空间功能一体化形态演化。并以长春市为研究案例,进一步印证了产业结构演变城市化响应形态演化的一般规律。     

我国城市系统的形成和演进机制

我国城市系统的演进可归纳为萌芽与形成、低级均衡和合理不均衡三个阶段。形成和演进动力在于人类活动与产业及其空间实体的相互作用,其核心要素是行政等级城市网络、经济发展和市场联系与交通设施。文章指出城市系统合理演进应采取\"组织与自组织\"的战略,提出我国未来城市发展阶段(扩散均衡阶段和有序网络化阶段)及城市系统特征:中心城市网络体系的形成;城市职能的综合性与分异性;城市集聚区的形成和相对均匀分布。     

Some Political Processes of Ranked Societies

This article explores the emergence of inequality in two regions of Mesoamerica: the Soconusco and Valley of Oaxaca. Dichotomous models that propose a continuum of political strategy (i.e., Leach 1954; Renfrew 1974; Spencer 1993; Blanton et al. 1996) are used to examine the different processes evident in the comparison of settlement, mortuary, and architectural data between these two regions. The elite in Early and Middle Formative Soconusco appear to integrate society with a comparatively external oriented and exclusionary strategy whereas in the Valley of Oaxaca Early and Middle Formative elites employed a more group-oriented, internally focused, and corporate strategy. Environment richness and proximity of competing communities may account for the primary, and perhaps unintentional, emergence of inequality in the Soconusco around 1400 B.C.E. In the Valley of Oaxaca inequality emerged as many as 250 years later in a less circumscribed area. Such environmental, political, and chronological factors may be responsible for some of the differences in integrative strategies evident in the two regions.     

旅游制度变迁:基于系统科学视角的研究范式与理论研究体系探讨

现阶段旅游制度相关研究成果一方面很难辨析旅游制度变迁理论及其个案论争,另一方面由于无法深入研究旅游制度变迁背后的运行机制及其规律性,从而无法形成理论研究体系与范式。有鉴于此,本文以系统科学、博弈论思想为指导,在明晰旅游制度及变迁涵义的基础上,尝试探究旅游制度变迁理论体系构建问题,其内容包括:①概念界定:将旅游制度界定为一个制度主体之间关系耦合的复杂系统;②研究范式:提出旅游制度变迁研究需摒弃新古典经济学所秉持的\"完全理性、均衡、静态制度观\",转向一种\"有限理性、动态、演化的制度观\";③理论研究体系:分析旅游制度变迁动力、变迁机制与规律,构建旅游制度变迁理论研究体系。     

建国以来党和国家领导制度的历史考察

建国以来,党和国家建立并实行以民主集中制为原则的集体领导和个人分工负责相结合的领导制度。本文从其历史渊源、具体实践中的探索、完善及创新三个方面,阐述了建国以来党和国家领导制度的历史演变。     

A permeability‐change model for water‐level changes triggered by teleseismic waves

Although many hydrologic changes induced by teleseismic waves have been reported, the mechanism(s) responsible for the changes are usually not known. Permeability changes induced by seismic strains are often invoked to explain changes in water level. Using water‐level data in Taiwan after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, we show here that the observations cannot be properly explained by previously proposed models of postseismic permeability changes. A new model is required in which the postseismic permeability decreases exponentially as a function of time, with a time constant of <3 min, which is appreciably shorter than inferred from earlier studies. The result may have important implications for pore‐sealing mechanism(s).     

城市系统演化模型与模拟分析

本文详细地介绍了P. M. Allen的城市系统演化模型(EMUS),对EMUS模拟的部分结果与城市地理的一些联系也作了详细分析,如城市发展过程模拟, EMUS与Zipf法则, EMUS与中地论, EMUS中的决策效应模拟等。     

Evolutionary approaches in archaeology

Two evolutionary approaches in contemporary archaeology, selectionism and processualism, are compared in terms of their theoretical perspectives, methodologies, and empirical contributions. Selectionism is a tightly focused approach that aims to apply a strict Darwinian framework to the study of cultural evolution. The selectionists view cultural evolution as a shift in the relative frequencies of cultural traits; the evolutionary mechanism that brings this about entails undirected variation followed by selection in a manner analogous to biological evolution. Processualism is a more flexible approach that acknowledges the importance of variation and selection but employs these concepts in a broader framework that recognizes fundamental differences between cultural and biological evolution. Among them are the central roles played by directed variation and the hierarchical operation of selection in cultural evolution. As we enter the late 1990s, the selectionists appear comfortably ascendant while the processualists often seem in disarray—they appear less confident, more embattled, more internally diverse. This diversity and dynamism, however, may harbor great potential for further growth and development. It is suggested that processualism's ongoing ferment will spawn the evolutionary archaeology of the future.     

从“研”到“砚”——论砚台形制的最初演变

砚是根据中国传统书写和绘画的特有需要产生的。它的历史可以追溯到新石器时代,前身是原始研磨器,而砚最初的汉字表示也并不是"砚"字,而是"研"字。古代文献以及出土砚墨实物材料都表明,从"研"到"砚"的过程正对应了东汉时期砚台形制的最初演变,这种演变与墨的形制改变有着直接联系。     

论盘古神话的演变及其文化意义

盘古神话从原始产生到形成相对丰满完善的创世神话,是南北文化、汉民族与少数民族文化互相渗透融合的结果。它在后世的流传情况是丰富多样的,它主要在南方少数民族和汉民族民间流传,形式上各民族有各民族的特色,内容上或融合于各自的民族神话系统而赋予了新的文化内核。另外,道教的神仙传说也是盘古神话流传演变的一个途径。盘古神话体现出五个方面的文化意义。     

论羁縻治策向土官土司制度的演变

元代以前的羁縻治策与元明清时期的土官土司制度,两者的核心思想虽有相通之处,但在经营思想、基本策略、施行的范围及成效方面却有明显区别。羁縻治策向土官土司制度演变,受到历朝治边的思想与策略、元明清三朝尤其是重要帝王重视西南边疆、元代后初步解决边疆经营中高成本与低收益问题等因素的影响。本文分析了羁縻治策与土官土司制度的内容、特点和局限。     

试论鄂西北地区的“仰韶文化”和“屈家岭文化”

From the study of the complex of the so-called Yangshao culture and Qujialing culture in the northwest of Hubei Province,this paper discusses the alignment,evolution and variation of archaeological cultures.It argues that the different types of remains can be divided into four phases,based on the analyses and comparisions of the combined typical pottery objects in main sites.In addition,the remains in the area are compared horizontally to the cultures of the surrounding zones i.e.the Central Plain and the Jianghan Plain around the same period,and their respectively relative age,cultural characters and the alignment of cultural development are studied.     

论金元之后黄淮关系的发展演变

金天会六年（公元1128年）,黄河决口,拉开了长期夺淮的序幕,。金代黄河下游尚未形成固定流路,但河道逐渐南摆。入元以后,开始经由涡、颍、濉等河而全面夺淮。明代,由于“保漕”、“护陵”等因素,从而使得黄淮关系变得日趋复杂化。清代,保证运道通畅依然是处理河、淮关系的前提,而此时黄河已南行700余年,下游河道淤积严重,终于于咸丰五年（公元1855年）再次改道。流向东北,离开了淮河流域。     

Economic Geography as Dissenting Institutionalism: The Embeddedness, Evolution and Differentiation of Regions

This paper endorses recent pleas for an ‘institutional turn’ within economic geography. In particular, it reveals and connects the coherence and distinctiveness of dissenting institutional economics as a way of thinking for economic geography. Economic geographers have recognized this tradition but its continuity and compass is not fully appreciated. To provide such an appreciation, this paper argues that the paradigmatic distinctiveness of dissenting institutionalism rests especially on its recognition that real world economies are embedded, have histories or evolve, and are different. The discussion is based around these three cornerstone principles of embeddedness, evolution and difference. For the future, greater attention to the region as an institution, albeit a complex one, along with greater attention to the synthesis of multi‐dimensional processes that are normally analyzes as separate conceptual categories, is encouraged.     

中国共产党关于官僚资本的内涵及其演变

中国共产党对官僚资本内涵的界定,经历了从当初特指清朝洋务派和北洋军阀时期的官办企业到专指国民党私人官僚资本再到国民党政府国家资本和私人官僚资本的演变。我们党对官僚资本内涵的认识及其演变适应了当时政治斗争发展的需要,但其内涵的模糊性又要求中国共产党对官僚资本特别是私人官僚资本必须进行严格的区分和界定。