A Textual Interpretation of the the Eight Cortege of The＂Wenxian （document） ＂inConfucian Analects

The “Wenxian(document)“in the Confucian analects said by confucius is the literal ma-terials which possess evidential functions. It‘s wrong that the past scholars explained the “xian“as the“wisdom“ many times for all generations, and all kinds of these explanations didn‘t conform to thcmeanings of Confucius himselfs. According to the original meanings of the Chinese word “Xian“ andthe tradition of collecting situation of the people in the ancientry,the “Xian“ is the literal materialswhich was reported to the leadership from conditions of the lower levels, and the only difference be-tween “Wen“ and “Xian“ is that the latter emphasized that itself had originated from the local proffer.when the literal materials from the local proffer“have been stored into the archives of the court“andwas put together with the “Wen“ which was stored in the court before,as another words,when theywere mixed together,the difference between“wen“and “Xian would disappear gradually and wouldhaven‘t any significance. So it was called“Wenxian(document)”as a word generally     

The Authentic Record of the Livelihood of Tibetans Living on the Snowy Plateau-The documentary ＂A Year in Tibet＂ Attracts Worldwide Attention

＂This year, I have seemingly become a famous movie star as my name is well-known amongst many overseas tourists traveling to Gyantse. It is incredible to me that this documentary series had such a great influence after being broadcasted all over theworld. I remember the time when Sun Shuyun （the director of the documentary） came to invite me to be the main character of the documentary and be followed everyday with a camera behind me. To some extent, I did feel frustrated during that particular period.＂     

Chocolate City——Washington D.C.

<正>Washington D.C.'s nickname-Chocolate City-is a cute way to explain its big perportion of African American residents. Personally, I also have the same connection with the city and its name:I love it; and I hate it: it is amazing yet sometimes a bit bitter and, yes, very addictive.     

History,Culture, and Politics： On Historical Formation and Identity Dilemmas of ＂China＂

This lecture is concerned with some historical issues of ＂China,＂ ＂territory, culture＂ and ＂identity＂ that are placed against the background of politics, culture and scholarship in contemporary China. I want to draw attention to the question of how historians understand and interpret ＂China.＂ It addresses the following questions. First, where did the idea of ＂China＂ come from？ and how did it become a topic of scholarly research？ What kind of dilemmas does ＂China＂ confront in its current condition and historical interpretation？ Second, how do various new historical theories and methods in international academic circles enrich our understanding of ＂China＂？ Third, how does China＇s history and reality challenge the theories of ＂empire＂ and ＂nation-state＂？ Fourth, is it possible to write ＂East Asian history＂？ Does ＂national history＂ prove still effective in describing China or East Asia？     

On the ＂Middle Way＂ of the Dalai Lama

The Dalai Lama has, in recent years, been telling the world he has stopped seeking ＂Tibetan independence＂ and turned towards a ＂middle way＂. By this, he says, he means ＂high-level autonomy＂ or ＂real autonomy＂ in Tibet and other Tibetan-inhabited areas within the framework of the Chinese Constitution. Only by doing so, he has argued, can Tibet best protect its unique traditional culture, religion and eco-environment, and can the unification and unity of China be maintained. （On March 10, 1959, the reactionary upper class in Tibet staged a counter-revolutionary armed rebellion. When it was suppressed,     

An Analysis of the Pun in Chapter Ⅱ in Oliver Twist

As a master of language, Charles Dickens was good at creating a kind of humorous or ironic atmosphere by using the same word. This paper focuses on the word "board" used as a pun in Chapter Ⅱ in Oliver Twist to analyze its features and functions.     

THE STORIES OF GROOM KELZANG- A Selection of ＂Ling Tian＇s Diary＂

June 8^th, 1959
The rainy season is coming to Lhoka, and today there have been several showers.
According to the work team this morning, the shadow of slavery remains over Lhoka and throughout this area. One example is Khesum Manor where the self determined rules of the landlords stipulated that the landlords were entitled to reduce Tralpa families who have extra members in their labor force. In practice, landlords determined one or two persons to be Hangsan from these Tralpa families to provide corvee labor to those Tralpa families who had a shortage of labors but had plenty of tenant land.     

Introducing the first talking watch from IWC： it says everylhing about its owner.

Portuguese Regulateur Tourbillon. Ref. I 5446： This is one regal timepiece you won＇t recognize by its crown but its heart： the tourbillon. The ＂whirlwind＂ - as the French word literally translates - at 9 o＇clock has a cantilever-mounted escapement, providing an unimpeded view of the mechanism.     

The Origin of “Chinese Philosophy”

Using the analysis of a single word to launch a conceptual review of (a problem in) cultural history, the Chinese term zhexue 哲學 (wisdom-learning, tetsugaku) is not simply a translation of the word “philosophy”; its inventor, Nishi Amane (1829–97), regarded it as the (Western) counterpart of Oriental learning (Tōyōgaku). The first explicit linkage of “philosophy” with “the East” was at The University of Tokyo, where it played an important role in the work of Katō Hiroyuki (1836–1913) and Inoue Tetsujirō (1855–1944). Inoue’s History of Oriental Philosophy, written under Katō’s inspiration, used Western philosophy to systematize ancient Chinese thought, and transformed “philosophy” (tetsugaku) from a learning of others, or Western learning, into an important component of the spiritual world of the East, and into a kind of universal knowledge. This was completely different from earlier lectures on “China philosophy” (shina tetsugaku) by Nakamura Masanao (1832–91) and Shimada Jūrei (1838–98) which still followed the Chinese underlying structure, and in the background, it had the intent of grasping the power to control East Asian discourse. In China, when young scholars like Wang Guowei (1877–1927) embraced philosophy, they already took its universality as a self-evident premise. This kind of alignment later evolved into a situation where it seemed entirely natural to use Western systems to interpret Chinese thought, and it also induced serious scholars to reflect. However, “Oriental philosophy” and “Chinese philosophy” provide East Asia and especially China with an opportunity to reevaluate its traditional culture. In this connection, “Chinese philosophy” includes: first, using philosophical concepts to re-provision ancient thought (the so-called history of Chinese philosophy); second, the occurrence of “philosophy” and “Chinese philosophy” and their evolution after their arrival in China; third, drawing on philosophy to enrich and develop China’s thinking. When seeking out “philosophy” in the veins and arteries of China’s history, the first and second aspects must be strictly distinguished. As to what the future may hold, the effect of the third aspect is most important.     

'Chairman Mao Has Sent His Men Here'——Eyewitness to the Founding of the Tibet Autonomous Region

I have known old Toinzhub foryears. After only one meeting, heseemed to sense what was on mymind and could always talk aboutmy favorite subject. A day passesby slowly along with his sips of liquorand his vivid and detailed narration.That noon, I met the old man in thecourtyard and invited him to have a drinkand chat in my home. As the liquor tookhold, he began to talk freely of the eventsof the past forty years.In 1965, when the Tibet AutonomousRegion was founded, he was 21 and wasstudying …     

Tibetan Antelopes Running At the Foot of Snow Moutains

I have been to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau four times.After the first visit, I became determined to visit all nature reserves in China; during the second visit, I came to understand where the real zoo for wildlife in the world is located.After the second visit, I also saw how the longest river in China was fed with drops of water from the Gyian-gudiru Glacier at its source.After the third visit, I still recall what 1 saw there: a halo around the sun over the Potala Palace and snow-covered mountains with an elevation of over     

蓬勃发展的西藏体育事业（英文）

正Sports have the power to strengthen a nation and revitalize its people.Since the establishment of the People's Republic of China and especially since Tibet launched democratic reform,sports in Tibet Autonomous Region,which used to be practically nonexistent,have witnessed tremendous development.Today,various forms of sports have become popular among farmers and herdsmen in Tibet.The Development of Mountaineering     

西藏农牧民收入问题研究(英文)

1. The present situation and structure of the income of peasants and herdsmen Before tackling the topic of Tibetan peasants and herdsmen's increasing income, one should have an overall understanding of their income level and have a clear view of its structure and sources. Only by grasping this basic data correctly and accurately, can we form an objective and just conclusion that can be accepted not only by the academic circles but also the decision-makers.     

WALKING CLOSE TO THE KARUPLHA GLACIER

<正>Tibet abounds with large and small glaciers that are all classified as solid water reservoirs and form an exclusive feature of the landscape of Tibet. I have visited the Karuplha Glacier twice.The first was just an opportunity to see it from a distance,but on the second I almost reached the closet part of the glacier and could have reached out to touch it.     

＂The Excellences of the Republic＂ Produced on the Roof of the World

Since its peaceful liberation, Tibet, at the roof of the world, has been keeping abreast with the motherland to constantly renew its progress.     

On the Thirteenth Dalai Lama Ngawang Lozang Thubten Gyatso

The thirteenth Dalai Lama Ngawang LozangThubten Gyatso was a very spectacular and complexcharacter on the political stage of Tibet in moderntimes.His experience of a lifetime of frustrations re-flected the then tempestuous and changeable situation.Any evaluation of a Tibetan political and religiousleader has always been a contentious problem in aca-demic circles,because it involves the explanation andexposition of relations between the Tibetan local gov-ernment and the Central Government after the Revo-lution in 1911. For a long time I have had a keen inter-est in the“the Great Thirteenth,”as he has been called.After a long period of study I have formed my view-point on this historical figure, and I present it here to     

吐蕃王朝扩张政策之分析(英文)

The questions related to Tubo’s establishment,development,prosperity and decline always drew attention from academic circles.We need to analyze and study many aspects to find the essence of these questions.Undoubtedly,this is a very important approach to the study ofTubo’s expansionist policies. Many factors influenced the rise and fall of the Tubo Kingdom,including its economic development,the composition and structure of its political forces on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,the political forces in regions adjacent to Tubo,its social,economic and political situation as well as its internal and external policies.Academic circles have closely examined its expansionist activities.Professor Lin Guanqun,a scholar from Taiwan     

A Brief Introduction to the Tibetan Buddhism

Despite the rolling of high plateau and stunning Himalayas, Tibet has a nickname of “Holy Land” with its ancient history and colorful culture. Refered as Shangri-La, the roof of the world and many more, the mysterious kingdom remained closed to others, exerting a strong hold on the imagination of the world. For centuries, it has fascinated mankind in various ways. Its religion is one of astonishing one. Here we have questions! What is Tibetan Buddhism about? How many sects it has? What about each one‘s doctrine? Have you ever known its architectures, its religious arts, as well as its incarnation of Living Buddha? People feel curious about its powerful inspiration and cohesive strength,     

EASTER ISLAND： THE EVOLUTION OF ITS CULTURE UNTIL THE DESTRUCTIONS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

1. Introduction
Since the first time Easter Island was explored, scholars have been arguing and speculating about the date of the natives＇ arrival, the nature and purpose of the larger statues, its actual number of inhabitants, the reasons for the progressive deforestation of the island, etc.     

Steuber,Jason, and Guolong Lai eds.Collectors,Collections, and Collecting the Arts of China: Histories & Challenges

This volume,the third publication sponsored by the Harn Museum of Art and the University of Florida,contains a number of interesting discussions,investigations,and insights on the subject of collecting Chinese art in 1950s North America and Europe.Each chapter,dedicated to a single museum (in most cases),can stand on its own,in that each museum has its own history to share and its own challenges to face.I benefited from reading this work and learned much from its large quantity of information on museums' collecting histories and from the biographical accounts and studies of individual collectors.