A Study of mChod-rtens （Tibetan Stupas）

mChod-rten is a unique form of Stupa in Tibetan Buddhism. Tibetan Buddhists have long believed that building mChod-rtens is a way to accumulate virtues and merits, so both religious and secular people value them. Therefore, Tibet has become one of the most densely located areas of Stupas in the world, mChodrtens, varied in size and form, are found everywhere in Tibetan-inhabited regions. This distinct type of Stupa is not only an object of worship, or a peculiar form of architecture, but also a building with deep symbolic significance in Tibetan Buddhism, thus it is called Tibetan Stupa.     

＂Seminar On Tibetan History＂ Held in Beijing By Both Sides Of Taiwan Strait.

An academic “Seminar on Tibetan History”,hostedby China Tibetology Research Center,was held inBeijing from September 1 to September 3,2002.Pro-fessors and Experts.in Tibetan history from severalTaiwan universities,such as Taiwan Politics University,Culture University,Zhongzheng University,SouthChina University and Mingchuan University took partin the seminar,and more than 30 mainland scholars     

Study of Co2-Supercritical Fluid Extraction（SFE） of Constituents in ＂Seng-ldeng＂ （SD）, a Traditional Tibetan Medicine

This new, recently developed extracting techniqne, Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE), features many advantages in natural product extraction, such as a satisfactory rate of extraction, a high isolation effect, and, when operated entirely free of residual solvents, low cost.     

A Study of The Sculptures of lwang （E-Warn）Temple and an Analysisof Their Art Style

I was fortunate enough to get hold of two archaeological reports about Iwang (E-Wam) Temple nearly at the same time in I992^1 One of them was written by Italian Tibetologist Robeter Vitali and the other by Tibetan Archaeological Team (also called Tibetan General Cultural Relics Survey Team). Although these two     

The First Election in Khesum Manou of Lhoka - A Selection of ＂Ling Tian＇s Diary＂

Ling Tian, a senior reporter, went to Tibet from 1950 to 1956 reporting on events. In the spring of 1959, he entered Tibet once more and visited Lhoka. His diary, with one hundred thousand characters about this journey, has accurately recorded the genuine process of democratic reform occurring in Khesum Manor of Lhoka. In this journal, we are publishing some parts of his diary as follows.     

The Authentic Record of the Livelihood of Tibetans Living on the Snowy Plateau-The documentary ＂A Year in Tibet＂ Attracts Worldwide Attention

＂This year, I have seemingly become a famous movie star as my name is well-known amongst many overseas tourists traveling to Gyantse. It is incredible to me that this documentary series had such a great influence after being broadcasted all over theworld. I remember the time when Sun Shuyun （the director of the documentary） came to invite me to be the main character of the documentary and be followed everyday with a camera behind me. To some extent, I did feel frustrated during that particular period.＂     

A Study of the Cultural Teaching Strategy in Tibet's Primary and Middle School Chinese Teaching

A consensus over the inseparability between language and culture and the importance of cultural teaching in language teaching has long existed in academe.While learning Chinese,Tibetan primary and middle school students have encountered barriers in such aspects as cultural background,the way of thinking,custom,special language contexts,and so on.     

NewBooks：A Handbook of Tourism in Tibet

Have you ever been in Tibet？ Do you want to enjoy your holiday？ Why not go to Tibet, where you can see the blue Sky with flaky clouds, green hills with blossoming flowers, snowcapped mountain peaks, great rivers and beautiful lakes, dense virgin forests, Tibetan antelopes and wild yaks running in the vast grassland, picturesque villages and age-old Tibetan monasteries. All of these are just part of the beauty that can be found in Tibet. Tibet is really a lively and lovely place where one can calm down one＇s vexation and impulsiveness being transported in a whirl of clouds to a world truly apart. So don＇t hesitate about going to Tibet for a visit. There are several ways of getting to Tibet： either by air or by going overland. Many highways connect Tibet and other parts of China.     

A Vital Monastic Centre of the Jonang Tradition： The Grand Lamasery of Dzamthang

The entire Ngolok-Seta country between what is present-day＇s Ngolok （mgo-log）prefecture （Chin. Guoluo） in China＇s Qinghai province, Serta county in Kandse （dkar-mdzes）prefecture and the northwestern parts of modern Ngawa（rnga-ba） prefecture （Chin. Aba） in Sichuan was a white spot on the Ti-bet map until the mid-20th century. Particularly the districts defined by the present Ngawa and Dzamthang （Chin. Rangtang） counties were inaccessible for any foreign traveller in historic time. Ngawa already constituted an isolated Ti-betan cultural realm, yet Dzamthang to its west was a true hidden land. The latter is reached by a 18o km drive from the Ngawa prefecture＇s seat, Barkham （Chin. Ma＇erkang）, in less than half a day.     

Senior Officials in Tibet Appointed by the Government of the Republic of China： Case Study of Lu Hsing-Chi and Others

After the Qing Dynasty was overthrown by the Revolution of I9II, the newly established government of the Republic of China （ROC） was confronted with a dilemma：the warlords were fighting each other and the foreign imperialists were waiting for opportunities to expand their interests in China. Even so, the new Republic government set out a series of political system reforms. As the most important part of political system, the official system directly reflected the reforms.     

The Fairy Temple-Zhoma Lhakhang—A Series of Archeological Trips in Gyirong County

It has already been eighteen years.I remember my first experience of stepping into this most mysterious land,Gyirong County.This was the beginning of my archeological journey in the Tibet Autonomous Region （TAR）.My memories are,since then,overwhelmed with fascination and imagination because of the most spectacular mountain ranges and the river banks in such a mysterious land.Maybe my fondest memory of this land is the flourishing historical cultural heritage preserved by local people.In September 2008,after several years,I again returned to my dreamland,Gyirong,     

The Rise and Fall of Hicky's Bengal Gazette (1780–2): A Study in Transoceanic Political Culture

The rise and fall of Hicky's Bengal Gazette (1780–82), India's first printed newspaper, is a narrative of prime importance to the history of Indian newspapers, and such is the context within which it has invariably been written. Previous works have approached Hicky's Gazette in a somewhat teleological and insular manner. These accounts have ignored the significance of foreign news among its content and fail to acknowledge Hicky's appropriation of political rhetoric from other parts of the British Empire. Through the contents of Hicky's Gazette we find Calcutta residents engaged in a transoceanic political discourse, criticising ‘nabobs’ with all the ferocity of the metropolitan British press; claiming the freedoms of Englishmen in common cause with the discontented, not only in Britain, but also in Ireland and America; and participating in discussions to regulate the governance of the East India Company through petitions of grievances. In the circulation of Hicky's paper throughout the presidencies and in the contributions of pseudonymous writers we find a platform for the politically discontented among the European community of Bengal whose voice is otherwise muted amidst the Francis-Hastings disputes and the steady stream of ‘official’ information between Calcutta and London.     

The Everlasting Empire： The Political Culture of Ancient China and Its Imperial Legacy

To most specialists and non-specialists of Chinese political culture, probably the most intriguing question is why the Chinese empire, one of the largest political entities in human history, attained against all odds its unparalleled longevity for more than two millennia from 221 BCE to 1911. Building upon his previous study of the formation of China＇s unique imperial ideology prior to the foundation of the first dynasty, （Yuri Pines, Envisioning Eternal Empire： Chinese Political Thought of the Warring States Era, Honolulu： University of Hawai＇i Press, 2009）.     

The Role and Relevance of Intellectuals vis-à-vis the French and Italian Communist Parties in the Early Post-war Period. A Regional Grassroots Study

Taking as cases in point a French and an Italian communist party federation in the early post-war period, this paper considers the role and relevance of intellectuals vis-à-vis ‘the party’ from the perspectives of ordinary communists in regional contexts. New empirical evidence suggests that beneath surface parallels there were key differences in that respect, which apart from anything else, resulted in some very different responses to the macro political events of 1956. It appears that those differences related to core communist principles; interpretations of communist militancy; the nature and functioning of democratic centralism in the organisations in question; and matters of human agency. This paper examines the nature and extent of those constants and variables, accounts for them in their immediate and wider contexts, and evaluates what all of that can tell us about coherence and cohesion of French and Italian communism, and by extension that of the international communist movement, at that time.