薄荷醇作为临时固型材料在文物保护中的应用

文物承载着丰富的历史文化信息。在考古发掘时,对于丝绸、纸张、壁画、岩画等脆弱文物遗迹的提取是考古工作的重点。为完整提取脆弱遗迹保证重要考古资料不遗失,需要在考古挖掘现场对脆弱遗迹进行临时加固。薄荷醇作为新型考古发掘现场临时固型提取材料,已在考古工地上成功应用,也引起了国外考古学界同行的高度关注。本工作总结了薄荷醇的基本性能和使用方法,并介绍了其作为临时固型材料在保护修复中的应用情况。结果表明,以薄荷醇衍生物为主体,设计合成具有梯度熔点、梯度加固强度和梯度挥发时间的临时固型材料,可为考古现场提供多样化、多功能集成化、高效便捷的固型材料。     

薄荷醇提取发掘现场脆弱遗迹及其安全性研究

薄荷醇在食品、化妆品、医药等行业应用广泛。本研究通过利用它在室温下快速升华的特点,将其应用于考古发掘现场脆弱遗迹提取工作中。实验室通过对薄荷醇升华和挥发动力学分析表征,并研究了其渗透性、载土量、残留量及其与温度时间的作用关系,归纳了薄荷醇提取脆弱遗迹的施工工艺,综合研究表明薄荷醇在考古发掘现场提取脆弱遗迹是安全有效的,并对后续研究方向进行展望。     

薄荷醇提取秦俑坑出土彩绘遗迹的性能评估研究

薄荷醇作为新型的考古发掘现场临时固型提取材料,已经在秦俑一号坑的考古工地上得到了成功应用,但是关于薄荷醇实施提取的安全性能评估还需要深入研究。本实验开展了薄荷醇在秦俑一号坑考古发掘现场的遗迹(土壤和彩绘漆皮)上的实验室性能评估;采用压汞法研究了薄荷醇处理前后秦俑土颗粒的孔隙结构变化;采用超景深三维视频显微镜考察了薄荷醇施加并挥发过程中秦俑土和彩绘漆皮的显微结构变化;采用GC-MS分析了薄荷醇的残留;对薄荷醇挥发过程中在文物遗迹基底上的再结晶现象进行了讨论。研究结果表明,薄荷醇提取遗迹后不会破坏秦俑土的物理结构,彩绘漆皮形貌完好,作为考古发掘现场遗迹提取材料,薄荷醇在出土秦俑彩绘遗迹上使用时是安全的。     

山西翼城大河口M5010、M6043实验室考古简报

山西翼城大河口西周墓地M5010、M6043两座墓葬经过现场初步发掘,采取整体套箱形式,搬迁至山东大学室内考古发掘与文物保护实验室。在实验室环境可控前提下,对其进行了发掘清理、现场保护、信息采集、样品分析检测等实验室考古工作。两座墓葬出土遗存数量众多、结构复杂、材质丰富多样。除了对常规出土遗物进行规范清理和资料收集整理外,还采用适宜手段提取和保存了若干布纹、席纹、纺织品等脆弱遗迹,为进一步多学科综合研究提供了基础和保障。     

薄荷醇及其衍生物对漆皮遗迹表面的影响

薄荷醇及其衍生物应用于考古发掘现场,对出土遗迹整体进行加固后再提取,较以前的遗迹加固方法,取得了一定的效果。利用融化的薄荷醇及其衍生物对考古现场经常出土的重要遗迹——漆皮进行表面滴涂试验,利用扫描电镜对漆皮遗迹在薄荷醇及其衍生物加固遗迹前及薄荷醇挥发后进行电镜扫描,观察漆皮遗迹表面的物理性状变化,发现薄荷醇及其衍生物并未对漆皮遗迹表面造成影响,也并未留下薄荷醇及其衍生物的痕迹。     

河北行唐故郡遗址出土脆弱质车轮提取研究

考古发掘中经常遇到叠压复杂的脆弱质遗存,对这类遗存的提取是一个难点。以河北行唐故郡遗址CMK2五号车的左侧车轮遗迹为例,介绍了一种使用薄荷醇临时固型结合刚性支撑技术来提取较大脆弱质遗存的方法。通过精细发掘与预探测、车轮本体加固、薄荷醇临时固型、添加刚性支撑、整体提取、背面清理与加固、正面清理保护等技术流程,对左轮遗迹进行了成功提取和保护,其中发掘技术、刚性支撑技术、临时固型材料薄荷醇起到了关键作用。研究结果为此类较大平面脆弱质遗存的整体提取和保护提供了技术参考。     

潮湿环境考古发掘现场挥发性固型材料的比较研究

在考古发掘现场,要将极脆弱的文物安全提取并搬迁到实验室具有一定难度,首先必须对文物进行临时加固,然后才能搬迁。近几年来,一类革命性的挥发性临时固型材料已被成功应用于发掘现场文物的提取,例如薄荷醇、环十二烷等。但是,这些材料是否能用于潮湿的考古发掘现场?它们的工作性能如何?这些问题都需要研究。为此,本研究选用薄荷醇、香豆素、乙基麦芽酚三种天然香料和环十二烷作为研究对象,从材料的工作性能、施工工艺和对文物的安全性三方面进行了定量测定,并在浙江省文物考古研究所良渚工作站进行了现场小实验。研究结果可以为考古或保护工作者在潮湿发掘现场提取脆弱文物时选择合适的临时固型材料提供参考。     

考古现场出土青铜文物健康评估方式初探

大量青铜文物在考古发掘出土时存在不同程度的劣化,其健康遭受威胁。科学评估出土文物的健康状态,不仅是文物现场提取、包装和运输方式选择的重要依据,也是后续文物保护修复工作的基础支撑。本文从评估指标、分析手段、评价方法等方面对考古现场出土青铜文物健康评估进行探索,尝试建立了一种考古现场出土青铜文物健康评估方式,并应用于咸阳机场考古工地,验证了评估方式的可行性,具有重要的实践价值和示范效益。     

湖北随州市周家寨墓地M8简牍的清理和保护

本文详细记录了周家寨墓地M8出土简牍的清理和保护过程。在考古发掘现场,根据简牍等遗物出土状况,采取分块提取技术提取了简牍等遗物堆积;室内整理阶段,在简牍保存现状评估、初步检测分析和反复试验的基础上,设计了出土饱水脆弱简牍揭取、清洗、脱色的技术和工艺,运用物理和化学相结合的方法揭示和保存了简牍的信息,满足了其识读和信息提取的需求。同时,探索了南方水坑墓葬出土饱水简牍科学发掘、及时清理、同步保护的工作模式,为今后同类文物考古和整理中的保护工作提供一些依据和借鉴。     

信阳城阳城址八号墓彩漆竹席发掘现场的液氮冷冻提取技术

针对考古出土高湿状态脆弱质文物的现场提取难题,在前期实验的前提下,采用预处理-液氮冷冻技术对信阳城阳城址八号墓中出土的彩色髹漆竹席进行了现场提取。通过循环冻融模拟实验,利用共焦显微镜对提取前后竹篾漆膜层的基本性能进行了观察分析。结果表明:液氮冷冻前后竹席的外观形态与漆膜的微观结构无明显改变,液氮冷冻提取技术的现场应用,保证了出土高湿脆弱彩漆竹席的完整性,是一种安全、环保、高效的考古现场提取手段。     

数字近景摄影测量在秦始皇陵百戏坑考古中的应用研究

既要保留遗迹在不同阶段的信息资料,又不影响发掘研究工作的继续进行,一直是考古工作者探索研究的问题。为配合秦始皇陵百戏俑坑的考古发掘工作,为后续考古研究和文物遗迹的保护提供必要的基础信息资料,针对大场景考古发掘现场,通过数字全站仪对文物挖掘现场布设的一定数量控制点进行观测获取其三维点位坐标。利用非量测数码相机获取现场多航带序列影像,通过数码相机检校、自动空中三角测量、影像特征提取与影像匹配、数字微分纠正等数字近景摄影测量方法,获取反映发掘现场文物分布情况的数字高程模型(DEM)和正射影像(DOM)数据。在生成的正射影像图上进行文物轮廓线条的提取,获得发掘现场文物的正射投影矢量图。实现文物位置、形状及分布的平面量测。实验证明:该方法不仅可大面积、快速获取文物挖掘现场文物分布的正射投影平面图,实现考古数字制图,而且能保证一定的精度。具有较高的推广应用价值。     

Virtual assembly of pottery fragments using moiré surface profile measurements

Reconstruction of archaeological monuments and potteries from fragments found at archaeological sites is a tedious task that requires many hours of work from archaeologists and restoration personnel. Excavations from famous archaeological sites in Jordan such as Petra, Jerash, Um Qeis, Ajlun etc. indicated civilization throughout centuries, from prehistoric periods, up to present. The restoration process is tedious and lengthy due to the mass of fragile fragments which consists of thousands of sherds found at excavation sites. An approach is the use of shadow moiré experimental technique to obtain the 3D model of pots from 3D measurements of the surface profile using the photos captured. This method is a non-destructive optical technique used for visual surface inspection, and surface profile measurements. The approach is simple, requires minimal mathematical calculations and reduces the risk of frequent handling of the fragile sherds, because the photos can be captured using a simple experimental setup in the site. Matching of fragments and aligning them geometrically is based on matching the profiles and edges of the broken parts virtually. This virtual assembly technique may assist the archaeologists as much as possible in solving their task with minimum time and minimum damages to fragments. The technique, of course, does not completely replace the archaeologist, but provides a useful estimation of valid fragment combinations, and accurately measures fragment matches. It also simplifies modeling the pots virtually using 3D-MAX modeling software to obtain the missing pieces.     

ZooMS: making eggshell visible in the archaeological record

Avian eggshell is a common component of many archaeological deposits, but its archaeological potential remains largely unexplored. The most obvious reasons are two-fold. Firstly, despite its abundance on many sites, eggshell is often overlooked during excavation. Even when it is recovered, small fragmented remains are difficult to identify taxonomically. Here we introduce a minimally destructive qualitative analytical technique for taxonomic identification of eggshell fragments based on highly sensitive mass spectrometry and peptide mass fingerprinting (ZooMS), and illustrate its application to eggshell recovered from the Viking Age urban site at Hungate, York. We adopt a more extreme version of the method of bleach treating used to prepare ancient eggshell for DNA analysis, followed by conventional peptide mass fingerprinting using MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry. The development of this technique will allow future research to make better use of eggshell fragments recovered from archaeological sites.     

The archaeology and paleoenvironment of an Upper Pleistocene hyena den: An integrated approach

Data of high resolution for reconstructions of archaeological site formation processes can be obtained only by the use of precise excavation methods and comprehensive recovery techniques using fine-mesh water screening, followed by meticulous sorting and quantitative studies of all the small organic components from the screens. These methods are generally used at human occupation sites, but are not often employed at paleontological or mixed human-carnivore sites. At the site of Bois Roche, an Upper Pleistocene hyena den, we have used these meticulous recovery techniques in combination with absolute dating, geoarchaeological observations, taphonomic analyses, studies of microvertebrates and pollen analysis. Correlation of the site environmental data from pollen and microvertebrate assemblages with the vegetation record of a deep-sea core taken in the Bay of Biscay have allowed us to constrain the ages provided by ESR dating of bovid teeth and to reconstruct the physical environment of the site with a degree of confidence rarely achieved by the use of fossil remains from archaeological sites alone.     

陕西黄陵县黄帝陵扩建工程发掘简报

黄陵县地处黄土高原腹地,东以洛河河谷为界,洛河支流沮水自西向东横贯全境,境内桥山相传为中华始祖黄帝陵墓所在,该县因而得名。2002年为配合黄帝陵博物馆扩建,陕西省考古研究院受陕西省文物局及黄帝陵博物馆委托,于2002年底至2003年初对扩建范围开展了     

Paper 4: Mechanical Properties of Bricks of the Coudenberg Archaeological Site in View of a Proper Conservation Strategy

Abstract

Archaeological sites are essentially submitted to decay phenomena inherent on their history as well as the environment to which they are exposed after excavation. The history of such archaeological sites is particularly related to their long-term underground conservation conditions during which they were subject to salt migration into the architectural remains. This paper describes the results of drill resistance measurements using a drill resistance measurement (DRMS) device to evaluate the mechanical damage resulting from salt crystallization pressures. Further tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) was applied on powdered bricks of often moist archaeological remains. It was noticed that TEOS serves as potential nutrient for present moulds. The mechanical consolidation effect was evaluated by comparing the hardness profiles after treatment with the reference ones. Bricks used for the construction of the Aula Magna, situated underneath the Royal Square, are characterized by severe patterns of fissures for which the damage diagnosis was built up.     

DEFINING HISTORICAL MATERIAL TRENDS AND CONSUMPTION GROUPS THROUGH ARTIFACT DENSITY

Artifact density is a useful yet overlooked analysis variable in archaeology. Drawing upon a sample of sites in the middle Savannah River valley, artifact density is used to identify diachronic consumption trends between the 1700s and 1900s. Analysis results illustrate the development of consumerism over time in the study area indicated by increasing material deposition at archaeological sites. Artifact density is also used to define consumption groups for different time periods. Within cultural resource management studies, the methods discussed in this article could be used to aid in site evaluation and serve as a systematic framework to guide archaeological testing and excavation.     

The application of LiDAR-based DEMs on WWII conflict sites in the Netherlands

Airborne Laser Scanning or Light Detecting And Ranging (LiDAR) is quite a new technique for most archaeologists. Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), derived from the LiDAR-data, can be very useful to map archaeological sites in order to get a better overview of what is left and how these remains should be protected and researched further. LiDAR-based DEMs can be extremely useful to conflict archaeologists, especially in the Netherlands where excavation of the remains of World War II (WWII) is often problematic. Using DEMs it is possible to make both an indication of the archaeological and the heritage value of a conflict site. The use of DEMs will improve the prospection, mapping and monitoring of archaeological sites.