Scientific Survey of The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Intheeighthcentury,theTibetanImedicinepractitionerscreatedthelFour-VolumeMedicalCOde,whichtellsalsooftherelationshipbetweenhumanbodyandthenatureandrecordsthemedicaleffectof209medicinalherbs.Inthe19thcentury,TibetanLamasRenzinGyamcoandDainzinPuncoggatheredmedicinalplantsand,onthisbasis,createdtheirMedicinalHerbswhichrecords774medicinalherbs.DuringChina'sTangDynasty,theHanandtheTibetanenhancedexchanges.TangPrincessesWenchengandJinchengweremarriedintotheTuboKingdom,andtheTubotroopsinfil…     

Scientific Survey of The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Acontingentof"PLAmen"weremarchingintheHenduanMountainsinMay1951,asazaleasblossomedinthesolitude.Intheforefront,amancarriedonhisbackabagcontainingmetersusedtomeasuredistanceandatmosphericpressureaswellasacompass.LiPu,thenaged39,wasgeologistandleaderofthecontingentofnaturalandsocialscientistssentfromChina'shinterlandtosurveytheQinghai-TibetPlateau.HehadreturnedfromBritainwithadoctoratedegree.Theappearanceofthiscontingentwassignificantinbeingthelargestscientific,andalsothefirstmultisubjectsu…     

Sino-American Cooperation in Geological Survey in Tibet

TheHimalayasandtheQinghai-TibetPlateau,plusareasundertheirimpact,makeupone-thirdoftheChineseterritory.Thisyoungpartoftheworid,withanaver-ageelevationof4,500meters,isstillrising.WarmandhumidcurrentsfromtheIndianOceaninthesouthareblockedbytheHimalayas,causi…     

Scientific Survey of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the 1960s

AgroupofChinesescientistssur-veyedtheQinghai-TibetPIateauinthe1960s,andretumedwithaston-ishinadiscoveries.SURVEYOfMUD-STONEFLOW.In1958,ShiYafengheadedagroupofscientistswhosurveyedglaciersontheQiliangshanMoun-tains.Thereafter,hecreatedtheLanzhouGlacierandPermafrostResearchInstituteoftheChineseAcademyofSciences,ThismarksthebeginningofhisassociationwiththeQinghai-TibetPlateau.In1963,ShienteredTibetforthefirsttime.HewenttoinspecttheworkofthePer-mafrostStudyoffice,setupattheTumen-…     

The Technology of Submarine Design A Historical Survey 1905–1945

Abstract

The general principles of submarine design are outlined, and the close interaction between operational requirements and technical solutions is illustrated. These solutions involve an exceptional range of physical and social sciences. The engineering development of submarines between 1905 and 1945 is described, and it is shown how steady improvement was made and special requirements met. The main theme follows British developments, but frequent comparisons are made with the best designs from other countries.     

The Effects of the Scientific Survey On the Tibetan Plateau for 50 Years

TheauthorisanAcademicianofCAS.HonoraryPresidentofChina'sSocietyontheTbetanPlaleau.ThefiftyyearsforscientificsurveyontheTibetanPlateauisthataccompaniedwiththefoundationandgroWthofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,andthatrepresentedscientificproaresses,nationalunityandeconomicdeveIopmentin1ibetanareas.ItisthemostpraiseworthyscientificpracticeinChina'sscienceresearchduringthefiftyyears.Manyofus,fromyouthtooldage,havebeenworkingforitfornearlyfiftyyears.WenotonIycontributedOuryouthstagebutalsoallt…     

The Archaeological Survey of India and Communal Violence in Post‐independence India

This article argues that that the discipline of archaeology as practised by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) significantly contributed to communal violence in post‐Independence India. The essay investigates several legacies handed down from the colonial ASI to the post‐Independence ASI, with a goal of explaining the contribution of archaeology to the ongoing disturbances at Ayodhyā in Uttar Pradesh. The colonial ASI was marked by four characteristics: it was a monument‐based archaeology based on geographical surveys, literary traditions and Orientalist scholarship. These four characteristics combined to form a traditionalist, location‐driven excavation agenda that privileged specific holy sites in the post‐Partition era, sustaining the violent disagreements between Hindu and Islamic populations of India and Pakistan.     

Two Journeys Into Medog─Scientific Survey in the Yarlung Zangbo River Gully

TheEthnicResearchInstituteoftheChineseAcademyofSciencesdis-patchedsurveyteamsintoMoinyuLhoyuandZayuonseveraloccasionsfrom1976to1985.Someoftheteammembersstayedforasalongas10months,concentratingontheMoinbaandLhobaethnicgroupsintheYarlungZangboRiverValley.Iamoneofthem.ToME006,AftercompletingasurveyoftheDengethnicgroupinZayuinAugust1976,wemovedwestwardalongtheSichuan-TibetHighway.WestoppedoverinNyingchiandmadepreparationsforafurthertripintoMedog.NyingchiliesatthemeetingplaceoftheNyangQ…     

Coroners' Inquests in an English County, 1600–1800: A Preliminary Survey

Abstract

This article is a preliminary investigation of the work of county coroners in Cheshire during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, drawing on the coroners' inquests found in the records of the Court of Great Sessions at Chester. It provides a brief guide to the overall work of the coroners, focusing on the categories of murder, manslaughter, infanticide, accidental death and death by visitation of God. It then goes on to discuss the decision-making processes which coroners and inquest juries were involved in, raising questions about how verdicts finding various categories of death were arrived at. It also includes a brief discussion of the social background of the Cheshire coroners, and also of their possible involvement in county politics, and the possibility that the office enjoyed an enhanced reputation over the later eighteenth century. It adds to a growing body of work on the history of the coroner, but is based on unusually rich archival sources. These sources demonstrate that coroners' inquests and related documentation often provide unexpected evidence on the broader themes of social and cultural history.     

An Early Anglo-Saxon Cemetery and Archaeological Survey at Breamore,Hampshire, 1999–2006

A Byzantine pail, datable to the sixth century AD, was discovered in 1999, in a field near the River Avon in Breamore, Hampshire. Subsequent fieldwork confirmed the presence there of an early Anglo-Saxon cemetery. In 2001, limited excavation located graves that were unusual, both for their accompanying goods and for the number of double and triple burials. This evidence suggests that Breamore was the location of a well-supplied ‘frontier’ community which may have had a relatively brief existence during the sixth century. It seems likely to have had strong connections with the Isle of Wight and Kent to the south and south-east, rather than with communities up-river to the north and north-east.     

Arnold J. Toynbee’s Quest for a New World Order: A Survey

This article surveys the work of the controversial historian and internationalist Arnold J. Toynbee (1889–1975). In particular, it examines Toynbee’s understanding of foreign politics and his constant search for a stable world order. From the idealism of his youth, through his temporary disenchantment with his youthful expectations, to the religiously inspired utopianism of his final years, this essay discusses the development of Toynbee’s work and understanding of international affairs throughout the twentieth century.     

An Archaeological Survey of El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro,Las Cruces—El Paso

Archaeologists from New Mexico State University surveyed El Camino Real, the earliest long-distance trail established by European colonists in North America, from Las Cruces, New Mexico, to El Paso, Texas. Our goal was to determine the location and condition of this historic trail within a strip of land that has witnessed significant agricultural, suburban, and urban development in recent years. Due to this development, many scholars have assumed that all physical traces of the Camino Real have been destroyed. Results of our research, however, suggest that not all remnants of the trail and related campsites have been lost.     

And a Historical Folklore Survey? A Reply to John Widdowson’s ‘New Beginnings’

This note is written in support of John Widdowson’s recent reflections on the direction of folklore studies in Britain. A general discussion is in everyone’s interest and with his words Widdowson has given a gentle whack to the beehive. This article offers more of the same, although from the perspective of historical folklore.     

Survey and Excavation at the Henges of the Wharfe Valley,North Yorkshire, 2013 – 15

Large scale geophysical survey has identified two classic henges in the Wharfe Valley and excavation at the henge at Yarnbury has proved its Bronze Age date, reuniting it with antiquarian finds hitherto lacking secure provenance. These henges are placed in their archaeological context suggesting that Wharfedale may have been an important route in cross-Pennine contacts during the third and second millennia BC and that the Neolithic archaeology of this upland region may be more mainstream than peripheral.     

How Well is Aid Allocated? Descriptive Measures of Aid Allocation: A Survey of Methodology and Results

Although many factors affect which countries actually receive aid, a case can be made for evaluating donor allocative performance with respect to the average income of recipients. A number of indicators are commonly used for such an assessment. Based on criteria developed in this paper, two such indicators — Suits' index and McGillivray's adjusted performance index — are shown to be the most suitable. These indicators are used to compare the performance of bilateral donors: Denmark is found to have the most progressive aid allocation, and the USA the least progressive. The indicators are also used to assess trends in allocative performance for four donors: France, Japan, the UK and USA. There appears to have been a general worsening of allocative performance in the early 1980s, with some improvement in the later part of the decade.     

Untangling Palimpsest Landscapes in Conflict Zones: A “Remote Survey” in Spin Boldak,Southeast Afghanistan

Remote survey using high-resolution satellite images allows archaeologists to study ancient landscapes in regions made inaccessible by ongoing conflict as well as in regions located between zones of better archaeological knowledge. Such studies frequently suffer from a lack of chronological information. This paper presents the results of remote landscape survey in the territory of Spin Boldak (“white desert”) in Kandahar province, Afghanistan, and methodological efforts to detangle the chronology of a landscape made inaccessible by conflict. The studied region crosscuts several environmental zones (desert, alluvial plain, river, and hills) and lies within an important corridor of movement toward mountain passes on the Afghanistan–Pakistan border. Morphological comparisons of surveyed sites to better-documented examples and synthesis of data from a variety of sources allow us to draw chronological and taphonomic conclusions about three types of documented sites: fortified enclosures, caravanserai, and mobile pastoral camps. These methods provide time depth to our understanding of the remotely-mapped landscape and allow us to consider Spin Boldak as a place shaped by local and regional historical processes rather than merely as a timeless thoroughfare between more intensively inhabited locales.     

Detecting Palaeolithic Activity Areas Through Electrical Resistivity Survey: An Assessment from Vale de Óbidos,Portugal

The open air Late Pleistocene campsite of Vale de Óbidos provided an opportunity to systematically assess the utility of electrical resistivity surveying for activity area detection at Palaeolithic sites. Detailed surface mapping facilitated the exploration of electrical resistivity effects caused by recent land use activities and post depositional processes. At Vale de Óbidos, tree throw events, ploughing, and earth moving have a more significant impact on soil resistivity than increases in soil moisture associated with pine tree stumps and roots. Resistivity results successfully discriminate activity areas containing hearth features and high densities of fire cracked rocks and artifacts. As an aid for understanding post-depositional processes at archaeological sites and to design excavation and recovery efforts, the technique has great potential for Palaeolithic archaeology and in other prehistoric contexts that lack major architectural remains.     

‘A Bad Lot’: Local Politics and the Survey of Oxkraal and Kamastone, 1853-1923

ABSTRACT

The large Fingo reserve areas of Oxkraal and Kamastone in the Queenstown Division were the site of significant social change and colonial efforts at spatial engineering in order to guide the area from communities under chiefs and hereditary headmen into landscapes with blocks of yeoman farmers and surplus labourers. From the 1850s onward, the area was a target for such efforts, which centred on the survey and titling of finite parcels to individual households. However, local communities, extant Fingo authorities, and various individuals sought to modify the project before it could be carried out, and they worked to circumvent its more onerous aspects afterwards. The relationship between the state and the Oxkraal and Kamastone communities shows both the fixations of the former and the resilient adaptability of the latter, a combination that exposes the limits of each in controlling the changing context of colonial interventions.     

A Test of Ideal Free Distribution Predictions Using Targeted Survey and Excavation on California’s Northern Channel Islands

Using targeted survey, excavation, and radiocarbon dating, we assess the extent to which human settlement patterns on California’s northern Channel Islands fit predictions arising from the ideal free distribution (IFD): (1) people first established and expanded permanent settlements in the regions ranked high for environmental resource suitability; (2) as population grew, they settled in progressively lower ranked habitats; and (3) changes in the archaeological record associated with high population levels such as increases in faunal diversity and evenness in high-ranked habitats are coincident with the expansion to other areas. On Santa Rosa Island, the early permanent settlements were located in both high- and middle-ranked locations, with the most extensive settlement at the highest ranked locations and only isolated sites elsewhere. Settlement at a low-ranked habitat was confined to the late Holocene (after 3600 cal BP). Drought influenced the relative rank of different locations, which is an example of climate adding a temporal dimension to the model that episodically stimulated population movement and habitat abandonment. Because the IFD includes a wide range of cultural and environmental variables, it has the potential to be a central model for guiding archaeological analysis and targeted field research.