旅游产业集群:旅游地理学研究的微观领域

产业集群是近年来经济学、地理学、管理学、社会学等学科共同关注的热点问题,旅游产业集群的研究也开始引起重视。旅游地理学开展旅游产业集群的研究一方面有助于从经济和地理的角度对旅游产业集群集聚机制和空间机理的阐释,另一方面也将弥补旅游地理学对于旅游经济微观主体-旅游企业间联系与空间关系的不足,为旅游地理学研究拓展微观研究领域。本文分析了目前国内外学术界和实践领域对于旅游产业集群的论证以及对旅游产业集群概念的阐释和旅游产业集群理论的研究,提出了旅游地理学对旅游产业集群研究的必要性,认为旅游地理学研究旅游产业集群具有综合性、空间性和应用性等学科优势,最后指出旅游地理学研究产业集群主要应从旅游产业集群的形成机理分析、旅游产业集群内企业的竞合关系与创新机制、旅游产业集群的空间结构和布局以及旅游产业集群与区域经济的关系等方面入手,并应通过大量案例支撑理论研究。     

SOIL TONGUES IN THE LEAMINGTON MORAINE, ONTARIO

W edge -shaped soil structures occur in many parts of southern Canada and the northern United States. These have usually been interpreted as being ice-wedge casts. Yehle (1954), however, has expressed concern over the confusion of fossil ice wedges with features he termed soil tongues, but also referred to as soil pendants (Wright 1961) or podsolschornsteine (Johnsonn 1959). Not only are soil tongues superficially similar to ice-wedge casts, but they also occur in temperate latitudes which may have experienced periglacial conditions during the Pleistocene. Soil tongues, however, are solutional features, formed by rainwater percolating through unconsolidated calcareous deposits. They may be distinguished from ice-wedge casts and other wedge-shaped structures by: (a) the presence of pebble or other marker beds extending unbroken across the wedges; (b) the absence of bed contortions or pressure features in the materials adjacent to the wedges; (c) their conical three-dimensional shape; and (d) the lower carbonate content in the sediments of the wedges than in the surrounding materials.     

THE IDEALIST DISPUTE IN ANGLO-AMERICAN GEOGRAPHY: A COMMENT

Curry has raised some new and important issues concerning the value of the idealist philosophy in geography, and his paper makes a significant contribution to a clearer understanding of this approach. Although in his final judgment Curry comes down hard on my position, declaring it to be 'fundamentally misguided,' his actual view of idealism is more ambivalent and not nearly as clear-cut as the words 'fundamentally misguided' might suggest. This is revealed by his defence of the position in the earlier part of the paper and his mild treatment of Collingwood, on whose book The Idea of History much of my own position is based.¹ There are also parts of Curry's paper that would seem compatible with idealism as I understand it, and with some clarifications and modifications to both our positions a basis of broad agreement between us would appear to exist.     

THE BONNECHERE CAVES, RENFREW COUNTY, ONTARIO: A NOTE

RÉSUMÉ
Les caves de Bonnechère, près d'Eganville, dans le comté de Renfrew, Ontario, sont situées dans une couche paléozoïque, où la rivière Bonnechère a taillé dans le calcaire une étroite gorge coupée de rapides et de chutes.
Bien que de dimensions peu considérables, ce phénomène illustre bien certains procédés de la genèse des cavernes dans le calcaire et les rapports entre maintes phases de la dissolution et les traits structuraux, lithologiques et topographiques.     

南宋钱样考

“样”，古代释为“法”或“式样”①。所谓“钱样”，就是钱法、钱的式样，所以也称“钱式”②。唐宋以来用于铸新钱的模型。     

PHILOSOPHY AND GEOGRAPHY IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY: A REPLY

So far as I can make out, Sitwell's comment on my essay says little that is relevant to its content. In fact he goes so far as to declare that my essay can in large part be ignored, presumably for purposes of gaining an understanding, or getting at the essence, of Margarita Bowen's book. I assume that Sitwell is writing a book review, more or less of the conventional sort, since he remarks that he is undertaking 'a review of the type May chose not to write.' I do not pretend for one moment that what I wrote is a book review. Perhaps it should not even have been called a 'review essay.' But Sitwell is not unaware of this, since he remarks that my 'essay is almost bound to be taken as a review,' which he regards as 'unfortunate.' Despite the fact that the tasks we have each undertaken are substantially different, and hence that our respective papers have little in common, I nevertheless think a few comments are in order.     

PHILOSOPHY AND GEOGRAPHY IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY: A COMMENT

At the end of his review essay occasioned by 'the appearance of Margarita Bowen's Empiricism and Geographical Thought: From Francis Bacon to Alexander von Humboldt ,' J. A. May wrote: I think     

THE 1929 MEETING OF SOVIET GEOGRAPHY TEACHERS: A KEY EVENT IN THE HISTORY OF SOVIET ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

A Soviet economic geographer who participated in a 1929 conference of geography teachers describes the antecedents, the atmosphere and the proceedings of this crucial meeting in a stormy period of the discipline. It was a landmark in the history of Soviet economic geography in marking the beginning of the end of the old sectoral-statistical approach and inaugurating the new regional school led by N. N. Baranskiy.     

POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY IN THE USSR

Development of the field of political geography in the USSR is surveyed, beginning with its early roots in the late 19th Century and early Soviet period and ties to foreign area studies and historical geography in the 1950s. Activities of the 1980s are described in terms of university-level course offerings, research at universities and research institutes, and theoretical and methodological publications. Concluding sections survey current research trends (electoral geography, developing countries, the ocean, reassessment of geopolitics) and outline general theoretical issues and major questions for future research. An extensive bibliography follows (translated by Jay K. Mitchell, PlanEcon, Inc., Washington, DC 20005).     

THE ROAD LESS TRAVELLED: REFLECTIONS ON A CAREER IN GEOGRAPHY

'The Road Not Taken'
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveller, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth;
Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same,
And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black. Oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back.
I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I -I took the road less travelled by, And that has made all the difference.