FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FROM CANADA: AN OVERVIEW

Foreign direct investment (fdi) research on Canada has historically been centred on incoming rather than outgoing controlling capital. Yet the activities of Canada-based multinational enterprises (mne) have fostered an impressive outflow of direct investment abroad. To appreciate the importance of Canada's mne, one must understand the spatial and functional characteristics of Canadian parent companies and their foreign direct investments. To realize this goal, a sample of more than 17 000 examples of Canadian fdi (at various points in time) has been retrieved and analyzed. Spatially, the favourite target of Canadian outward fdi has been the United States and then the United Kingdom, but significant agglomerations of Canadian controlling capital can be found in many parts of the world (particularly in Western Europe, the Caribbean region, Australia, and Brazil, and in various Asian destinations). The locations of Canadian parent companies have been heavily biased toward the largest metropolitan cities. Additionally, multinational enterprises headquartered in Toronto and Montreal control (by far) the most foreign subsidiaries. In general, manufacturing, financial, and mining activities have constituted the most important endeavours of Canadian multinationals abroad. This pattern of functional emphasis, however, does vary with each specific location. Through a stepwise regression procedure, it was determined that market, trade (with Canada), labour, and crime conditions were critical place-specific criteria that affected the spatial decisions of Canadian direct investors. Par le passé, la recherche sur les investissements directs à I‘étranger (ide) du Canada a été axée sur les entrées de capital de contrôle plutôt que sur les sorties. Pourtant, les activés d'entreprises multinationales basées au Canada ont engendré“un flot impressionnant d'investissements directs à l’étranger. Pour appécier l'importance des entreprises multinationales du Canada, on doit comprendre les caractéristiques géographiques et fonctionnelles des compagnies mères canadiennes, et leurs investissements directs à l'étranger. Pour atteindre cet objectif, un échantillon de plus de 17 000 exemples de ide canadiens (à différents moments) a été choisi et analysé. Géographiquement, la cible favorite des ide canadiens vers l'extérieur a été les États-Unis, puis le Royaume-Uni, mais on retrouve d'importantes concentrations de capital de contrôle canadien en plusieurs autres parties du monde (surtout en Europe occidentale, dans la région des Caraïbes, en Australie, au Brésil etdans diverses destinations asiatiques). Pour le choix de la localisation de leurs sièges sociaux, les compagnies mères canadiennes ont nettement favorisé les plus grandes métropoles. De plus, ce sont les entreprises multinationales dont les sièges sociaux sont à Toronto et à Montréal qui gèrent la plupart (et de loin) des filiates étrangères. En général, les activités manufacturieres, financieres et minieres ont const'itue“la plus importante part des projets des multinationales canadiennes à l‘étranger. Cette tendance varie cependant selon les endroits. Par un modèle de régression, il a étéétabli que les conditions de marché, de commerce (avec le Canada), de travail et de criminalitéétaient des critères décisifs qui affectaient les choix géographiques des investisseurs canadiens. Mots-clés: investissements directs à I'étranger, entreprises multinationales du Canada     

外国直接投资的空间经济特征研究

本文采用相关分析的方法,从宏观经济的角度分析了一定的经济区域吸收和输出FDI的数量与该地区经济发展水平和经济的外向性的关系,同时还对中国大陆吸收外商直接投资的地域联系做了相关分析,提出了FDI空间经济的三个特征,即整体性、外向性、近域性。     

泛长江三角洲FDI空间格局演化研究

运用GIS-ESDA空间分析框架,探讨2000年以来泛长江三角洲FDI空间格局演化,结果表明:FDI分布总体呈弱集聚格局,热点区分布较稳定,呈现以上海、苏州为核心的圈层结构;FDI增长格局逐渐由随机性向规律性特征转变,集聚现象日益显著,其热点区与次热区均呈现从南向北跃迁,由零星分布向团状集聚形态转变的态势;FDI总体差异逐渐减小,而且作用于整个空间尺度因随机因素引起的空间差异不断降低,空间连续性和自组织性较显著。从各方向发展趋势看,东南-西北方向差异最小,东-西方向差异最大,且南-北方向差异逐渐增大,而其他3个分方向差异不断减小。最后,将FDI空间格局演化的驱动力归结为集聚效应、技术势差、地缘关系、成本和市场容量5个方面。     

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT,INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT AND THE CHANGING POLISH PIG INDUSTRY

The world's meat market has had tremendous growth in the past decades. Global meat producers, particularly in developed economies, have grown bigger through expansion, mergers and acquisitions. The livestock markets in less developed countries are particularly the prime targets for investments by these producers. This article looks at foreign direct investment in a transitional economy, using Poland's pig industry as the empirical case study. It argues that such investments not only bring significant changes in the method of producing meat in the host country; they also have particular socio‐political impacts and have thus been met with some level of resistance by local communities. Our study suggests that the relations of foreign firms to the local community are crucial for their long term presence; and these relations are in turn dependent on a gamut of place specific features and the firms' broader corporate philosophy and strategy. In general, foreign firms need to find ways to replicate the kinds of deep social‐economic links between the livestock industry and places that existed in the socialist era. The case studies of American‐owned Agri Plus and Danish‐owned Poldanor illustrate some of the difficulties involved in the foreign investment in the meat industries while demonstrating the viability and possibility of such companies becoming more accepted and welcomed in the local communities.     

GROWTH,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT,AND THE ENVIRONMENT: EVIDENCE FROM CHINESE CITIES

ABSTRACT In this paper, we investigate the relationship between economic growth and industrial pollution emissions in China using data for 112 major cities between 2001 and 2004. Using disaggregated data, we separate foreign direct investment inflows from Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan from those of other foreign economies. We examine two industrial water pollution indicators (wastewater and petroleum‐like matter) and four industrial air pollution indicators (waste gas, sulfur dioxide, soot, and dust). Our results suggest that most air and water emissions rise with increases in economic growth at current income levels. The share of output of domestic‐ and foreign‐owned firms increases several pollutants in a statistically significant manner while output of firms from Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan either reduces pollution or is statistically insignificant.     

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND URBAN CONCENTRATIONS: UNBUNDLING SPATIAL LAGS*

ABSTRACT Foreign direct investment (FDI) is seen as a way to import technology and catch up with economic leaders. It is therefore important to understand why some countries attract more investments by multinationals than others. We expand the set of common determinants of FDI with urban agglomerations and ask the question whether the accessibility of market potential and the number of potential investment locations, in the shape of urban concentrations, matters, since the importance of urban agglomeration economies for FDI has not been investigated before. We show that countries with several medium‐sized cities attract more foreign investment, especially if they are close to main agglomerations, but too much concentration (primacy) reduces the inflow of FDI. Moreover, we unbundle spatially lagged FDI by including spatial lags of the determinants of FDI. It is important to disentangle such third‐country effects in order to understand how FDI flows depend on the complex ways in which multinationals fragment sales and production across countries. Using a panel of U.S. affiliates’ sales in foreign countries between 1984 and 1998, we find evidence that cities are important drivers of FDI. Furthermore, third‐country effects suggest that horizontal and complex forms of FDI coexist.     

在华美、日跨国公司R＆D投资区位的比较

美、日跨国公司从全球竞争战略出发,持续保持对中国的投资热,并一直高居我国第二和第三投资大国的地位。最近几年,为了充分利用我国现有的科技资源、降低新产品研发过程中的成本和风险,美、日跨国公司已经在中国有组织地安排科研机构。两国在中国R＆D投资区位选择上既有明显的共性,但在微区位选择、投资行为上又存在明显的差异。本文通过对美、日跨国公司在中国R＆D的投资区位的比较,提出我国应对海外R＆D投资战略的建议和策略。     

国外旅游线路空间模式研究进展

旅游线路空间模式实质上是游客在目的地区域对停留空间和消费空间的理性选择与线性组合,是具有典型空间属性的社会文化地理现象和经济地理现象,涉及了作为旅游景点和旅游目的地的点状地理要素和作为旅游线路的线状地理要素以及旅游目的地体系构成的区域等面状地理要素。从文献综述的角度对不同尺度旅游线路模式的空间模型、目的地类型、游客旅行行为特征、模式选择影响因素以及理论基础进行了总结,在此基础上结合国内研究对旅游线路模式今后的研究方向提出了建议。     

跨地区生计视角下流动人口在流出地住房投资行为的时空特征

基于流动人口流入地福建省的问卷调查数据与流出地河南、安徽两省的调研资料,采用生存分析方法、空间可视化与质性研究方法,探讨流动人口在流出地住房投资行为的时空特征和规律。研究发现：流动人口在流出地村庄内建房或在县城（镇）内购房是一较为普遍的现象,建房率明显大于购房率,且存在较为明显的住房闲置现象;在时间特征上,2005年以前的住房投资行为较少,而2005年以来渐多,购房比建房需经历更长的时间跨度,特定时期内的住房政策能推动流出地的住房投资行为;在空间特征上,流出地的住房投资行为存在区位优化选择倾向,且建房的跨地区生计走廊数量多于购房。最后,基于上述的研究结论,提出相关政策启示。     

基于关系视角的企业直接投资区位选择——过程与机理

企业直接投资区位选择是经济地理学的经典议题。目前直接将区位条件与关系网络衔接起来分析企业直接投资区位选择过程的研究较为少见。本文基于关系视角和中国情境,构建了关系连通、区位耦合、博弈谈判三位一体的模型,提出了一种对企业直接投资区位选择过程化的理解方法。文章以案例研究方法,对企业家赴甘肃省和浙江省开发区投资考察过程进行了参与式观察与访谈。研究发现,企业直接投资区位选择遵循关系连通—区位耦合—博弈谈判的过程。第一,企业与投资地关系连通是企业到当地投资的前提,而结构洞有利于企业与投资地关系形成。第二,企业与投资地区位耦合是企业投资区位选择的必经过程。第三,企业与投资地政府博弈谈判是企业投资的重要过程,且必须达成两厢情愿企业才可能在当地投资。在中国情境中,本文的理论模型具有现实代表性。本文的创新之处是结合中国情境,运用关系视角,对企业投资区位选择过程进行了理论重构。     

MANIFESTATIONS OF IMPERIAL POLICY: THE NEW SOUTH WALES SYSTEM and LAND PRICES IN UPPER CANADA IN 1825

This paper traces the introduction into Upper Canada of elements of the New South Wales System. The most significant development was the institution in 1825 of a sales policy, at the instigation of the imperial government. Using data drawn from pro / co 47, stepwise multiple regression analysis is used to describe the 'upset' price of land in relation to six independent variables. Population density, the number of mills, and distance to road are identified as the most significant variables in the minds of those who set land prices.
Dans cet article, on fait le suivi de certains éléments du système 'New South Wales' à partir de leur introduction dans le Haut-Canada. Leplus important fait à signaler est l'institution en 1825 d'une politique des ventes par le gouvernement impérial. À l'aide de données tirées du pro/co 47, une analyse de régression multiple pas-à-pas ('step-wise') est utilisée afin de caractériser la mise à prix des terres par rapport à six variables indépendantes. l'analyse démontre que la densité de population, le nombre de moulins et la proximité de la route étaient les variables les plus significatives dans l'esprit des gens qui établissaient les prix des terres.     

日本在侵华战争时期对重庆政权的伪钞工作

1945年 8月日本投降后 ,大批的驻华军政机构日文档案留在了中国 ,其中有不少原是极密级的。日本投降后曾焚毁了一些 ,但仍有不少留存了下来。北京图书馆收藏了一大批 ,由于编目、开放程度等种种原因 ,至今未能对外公开开放。笔者这些年整理这批档案 ,在其中发现了极密级的“法币工作”卷 ,对于揭露日本在侵华战争时期对重庆政权的伪钞工作有至关重要的作用 ,故在此略述于下。日军入侵以上海为中心的华东地区后 ,强行发行军票 ,以为购买占领地物资的掠夺手段 ,当然会遭到占领地中国民众的抵制 ,在金融流通领域受到极大的限制。实际上国民党政…