御寒之宝——羊毛

<正>在寒冷的冬季,羊绒、羊毛制品是我们保暖的最佳选择之一,羊毛纺织品以其华贵高雅、穿着舒适的天然风格而著称,而羊绒则有着"软黄金"的美名。羊毛,即羊身上的毛,它是人类在纺织上最早利用的天然纤维之一,也是纺织工业的重要原料。由于其保暖性好,弹性强,可用于制作呢绒、毛毯、毛衣等生活用和工业用的纺织品,备受消费者青睐。事实上,羊毛和羊绒是不同的,只有出自山羊身上的绒才叫羊绒,也就是山羊绒(就     

“逃人法”入“顺治律”考——兼谈“逃人法”的应用

逃人法与圈地、投充一起并称为清初三大弊政。逃人法旨在阻止旗下家奴①逃走以维护满洲为主体的旗人利益。明清鼎革后,逃人法曾多次修改。②多尔衮摄政时期,逃人法一度被纳入顺治律,称"隐匿满洲逃亡新旧家人"     

精神利益的类别和层次

精神利益是以精神需要对象为实际内容的利益类别,是社会评价反映到人,对人以正面的引导,以名誉、尊重、信誉等回馈与人。从利益的和＂善＂的角度来看,精神利益类别应该有正当精神利益和非正当精神利益,从人的三重属性来看,精神利益的层次又可以分为个体精神利益、群体精神利益和类精神利益。     

抗战时期日占香港的“归乡”运动述评

日军基于其侵略利益需要,占领香港后推行"归乡"政策,强迫广大香港居民回到他们在内地的故乡或原籍,形成大规模、长时期的"归乡"运动。归乡运动是日占时期香港战略地位变化和产业结构转型的产物,体现了日本军国主义的侵略利益和战略意图。与通常难民运动的无序状态不同的是,归乡运动是占领地当局主导和有效掌控下的人口转移,并有同乡会等团体的奉命参与和汪伪政府的配合演出,而抗日政权的救侨工作也可以说是为之被动地作"善后"工作。归乡政策对于归侨来说,是"人遣大陆,财物留港"的掠夺性遣返;归乡政策的实施过程中充满杀机,归乡之路是归侨的"死亡之旅",其残酷性非普通难民运动可比。     

论习近平总书记关于以人民为中心的发展思想——以党的十九大报告为视角

习近平总书记关于以人民为中心的发展思想,贯穿党的十九大报告,其理论基础是马克思主义关于人民群众是历史创造者的理论、人的全面发展的理论、无产阶级政党本质属性的理论,主要内容体现在中国特色社会主义"五位一体"建设的总体布局之中。坚持党对一切工作的领导、坚持党的群众路线、坚持人民利益至上的原则是贯彻落实习近平总书记关于以人民为中心的发展思想的着力点。     

利益相关者视角下三江源国家公园生态旅游发展研究

在"生态文明"理念下,我国大力推进国家公园建设与生态旅游发展.本文以三江源国家公园发展生态旅游业为例,从利益相关者视角切入,认为三江源国家公园管理局、当地牧民与僧侣、游客与研学团体、公益机构是其核心利益相关者.结合SWOT分析和核心利益相关者诉求分析,提出在加强生态保护力度、搭建社区参与平台、开创生态旅游项目等方面优化...     

盛宣怀与上海电报局改制

上海电报局成立后,迭经朝廷和北洋势力侵夺,官商激烈博弈,各方利益关系错综复杂。盛宣怀身处博弈旋涡与利益纠葛的中心,虽有站在朝廷的立场上压服股商的一面,但作为一位有远见的实业家,更由于个体利益与电报局利益相互缠绕,更多的是代表股商利益与朝廷抗争。其提出的由"官占商产"转变为"官买商业"的思路,以及股商提出的朝廷应通过"和平商妥""询谋佥同"方式处理国家与私人资产关系的意见,皆是从前现代国家经济模式实现现代转型的重要思想线索。     

漫话

"‘钉子户’也导致了房价上涨,把开发商都当成高房价的罪魁祸首和过街老鼠不公平。"十一届全国政协一次会议分组讨论中,身为北京某房地产公司老总的政协委员穆麒茹说。谈到拆迁时遇到的"钉子户",穆麒茹直言:"‘钉子户’为了他个人的利益,损害了包括开发商在内的多数人的利益!"     

和谐社会构建中利益表达问题的分析与对策

本文从构建和谐社会的基本点——利益协调问题入手,阐述了利益诉求表达渠道对于建立利益协调机制的基础作用,分析了畅通利益诉求表达渠道在构建社会主义和谐社会全局中的重要意义。在总体上将社会利益诉求表达渠道划分为"官方渠道"和"民间渠道"两大类的基础上,分析了各条具体渠道应承担的职责、所存在的问题和应完善的方向。     

利益共同体建设是民族地区实现跨越式发展的实质

目前,民族地区发展的主题表面上是推动不同民族、不同宗教、人和社会、人和生态的和谐,究其根本,其主题仍旧是国家利益的分配。因此,民族地区跨越式发展的本质是优化与化解国家利益分配问题,力求构建起政治、经济、文化、生态利益的共同体。     

Heroic History and Chiefly Chapels in 19th Century Tahiti

ABSTRACT This article seeks to understand mass conversion to Christianity in early 19th century Tahiti as the re‐materialisation of a heroic social field. Beginning with a re‐consideration of Sahlins' notion of ‘heroic history’, I argue that heroic Tahitian history was a distinctive combination of chiefly and collective action. The cultural structure of this history was reflected in three architectural moments: the building of a chapel for the high chief, Pomare, at Mo'orea, the generalised replication of this act through the construction, within a very short period, of some 70 chapels at Tahiti, and the building of a monumental chapel for Pomare at Tahiti. This article is a ‘prequel’ to an earlier publication on mass conversion to Christianity and church construction in Rarotonga.     

泾、浜发展与吴淞江流域的圩田水利(9-15世纪)

自宋代的塘浦系统开始瓦解以来,吴淞江流域的泾浜体系开始发展。泾浜水系和以后溇的出现,基本上人为形成的。在不断的历史发展中,泾浜体系形成具有干枝结构的网状水系,这种结构非常稳定地存在了近500年。这种结构下的圩田水利模式一般是小圩模式。在冈身感潮地区,泾浜体系比较密集,且末端水系有弯曲化现象;在低地地区,为了排水的方便,河道的干枝体系较为顺直。在这种体系下,治水必须与治田相结合。到后期,随着圩田治理的深化,进一步出现了称为溇的末端水系。     

19世纪收继问题研究——以安徽为中心

19世纪安徽社会中收继现象较为普遍,平均14%的家庭发生收继或出继行为,来解决一些家庭的"无后"的问题.从宗族角度讲,收继可以分为族内收继和族外收继两种情形,各需履行不同的收继程序,中上层家庭以族内收继为主,下层家庭则族外收继多于族内收继.国家和宗族对收继的前提、原则和被收继人在新旧家庭中的地位做出种种规定,但制度规范与人们的实际行为间存在着相当的差异.     

Speakers at War in the Late 14th and 15th Centuries

The significance of war in the development of the medieval English parliament is well known. The origins of the speakership are located in the context of the Hundred Years War, which began in 1337 and in which the English were still embroiled at the time of the Good Parliament of 1376. It was at this parliament that the Commons first chose a spokesperson, Sir Peter de la Mare, knight of the shire for Herefordshire. This article considers the military careers of de la Mare and his successors to the end of the Hundred Years War in 1453. Did the war have an impact on the choice of Speaker? Was a military man chosen for parliaments where military matters were to be discussed? We know the identity of the Speaker in 53 of the 64 parliaments between 1376 and 1453. Several served more than once, so that we are left with a group of 33 individuals to analyse. An overall trend is discernable. Up to 1407 all known Speakers were belted knights, and most had extensive military experience before they took up office. Only five of the 19 parliaments between 1422 and 1453 had Speakers of knightly rank: otherwise, Speakers with legal and administrative, rather than military, experience were chosen. In the years from 1407 to 1422 the speakership was occupied by a mixture of soldiers and administrators many of whom were closely connected to the royal duchy of Lancaster and to revival of English aggression towards France from 1415 onwards.     

Semantics of learned quackery in the 17th and 18th centuries

In the 17th and 18th century republic of letters the problem of scientific fraud was met with a discourse of charlatanism. Departing from Johann Burchhard Menckes famous treatise on the Charlatanry of the learned the following essay traces how the accusations of academic and scientific misconduct put in terms of 'charlatanry' primarily helped to produce the new species of the erudite 'charlatan'. Facing a growing complexity of scientific culture this new frame of meaning, structured by numerous examples of scientific misconduct offered a new way of orientation in the world of learning. But besides its cognitive impacts the discourse of charlatanry allowed to create symbolic boundaries, which determined decisions upon the affiliation or non affiliation to the new forming scientific community by separating honourable from dishonourable scientific personae. Speaking of charlatanry therefore always implied a social distinction as much as a scientific. The discourses on charlatanry also mirror differentiations within the scientific field. At first dominated by a critique built on courteous or bourgeois values, the scientific field later on developed its own criteria of appraisal like authorship, originality, transparency etc. Attracting the attention of a further growing public sphere, the explicit verbalisation of claims not relating to the value system of a republic of letters primarily concerned with the production and distribution of knowledge finally led up to a more implicit moral economy of science. A change that at a large scale level can be described both as an internalisation of the values of scientific conduct and differentiation between justiciable and unjusticiable transgressions of the norms set up by the scientific community.     

16-17世纪西欧社会的"猎巫"

The European witch-trials became numerous in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. A large number of witches were imprisoned and many of them were executed at the stake. The ubiquitous social strain brought on the witch-hunt, and the witch became the scapegoat. Study on the witch-hunt provides a special perspective on the transition of Western Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. __________ Translated from Shixue Yuekan 史学月刊 (Journal of Historical Science), 2007, (8): 64–71     

The Western European witch-hunt in the 16th and 17th centuries

The European witch-trials became numerous in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. A large number of witches were imprisoned and many of them were executed at the stake. The ubiquitous social strain brought on the witch-hunt, and the witch became the scapegoat. Study on the witch-hunt provides a special perspective on the transition of Western Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.     

16、17世纪英国政治文化中的父权主义

父权主义是在英国从封建主义向资本主义过渡的历史背景下,为适应秩序和稳定的需要而产生的,是16、17世纪英国大多数人共同的政治态度,为英国君权的扩张和君主实施社会控制提供了合法性依据,也在一定程度上阻止了暴君和暴政在英国的出现。英国率先完成从封建主义向资本主义过渡,父权主义是一个重要的因素。     

Painting and preserving the ship in the 17th and 18th centuries

Analysis of paint residues and paint equipment from North European shipwrecks together with archival research provides evidence of pigments and colours used. The limitations of pictorial sources and contemporary models is contrasted.     

Transit Routes in Eastern Europe in the 9th to 11th Centuries

The reports of Arab geographers and numismatic data are combined in a review of the literature on two major transit trade routes in Eastern Europe: the Baltic-Caspian trade route and the route “from the Varangians [Scandinavians] to the Greeks [Byzantium].” Hoards of Arab silver coins, known as dirhems, along major water routes clearly point to the direction of the Baltic-Caspian route along the Volga, and date the earliest use of the route from the late 8th century. Trade along the route involved mainly the Volga Bulgars, Ugro-Finnic and Letto-Lithuanian tribes, but not the Slavs, as had earlier been supposed. The existence of the route from the Baltic to the Black Sea along the Dnieper River (“from the Varangians to the Greeks”) was reported by two 11th-century historians—an unidentified Russian chronicler and Adam of Bremen. The author rebuts recent suggestions that the Dnieper route was not as significant as commonly assumed.