春秋时期失蜡法铸造工艺问题探讨

许多证据表明,淅川下寺楚墓出土铜禁禁体四周花纹是用失蜡法分段制作再合范铸造的。春秋中晚期发展起来的失蜡法解决了铸造更为复杂的多层次的青铜器问题,把青铜器铸造推向又一个高峰。     

随州文峰塔东周青铜盘镂空耳的铸造工艺

镂空青铜器的铸造工艺一直是学界争议的热点,近些年来有人认为铜梗上的褶皱是所谓的"蜡流痕迹",但作者认为,失蜡铸造只有在烘焙退蜡工序有流蜡,蜡已失掉,留下的空腔是蜡原先填充的空间,不会有所谓"流蜡痕迹"。褶皱是铸造过程中青铜液在型腔中流铜不畅造成的,镂空青铜器系范铸工艺所制,交织的铜梗体现了范铸工艺的分层制范技术。     

中国古代翻砂铸钱起源年代考——以钱币铸造痕迹为中心

<正>中国古代铸钱大致可以分为前期的"范铸法"和后期的"翻砂法"两种工艺。范铸工艺是干型硬范铸造,来源于商周青铜器的铸造技术,铸范按材质可分为陶范、石范、铜范和铁范等,其中模印陶范叠铸工艺是范铸法铸钱的最高阶段,也是最后阶段;翻砂工艺是湿型或软型铸造,是中国铸钱业在传统范铸工艺基础上的新发明~[1]。学界已经普遍认同,中国在唐宋时期就已经采用了成熟的翻砂法来铸造钱币。     

淅川春秋楚墓铜禁失蜡铸造法的工艺探讨

详细考察和分析出土铜禁时发现,铜禁体、附兽的头花和尾花、足兽的头花等均为失蜡法铸造,禁体共分25块,逐块制作。各块的透空立体花纹,是由框梗、拱梗、直梗、花梗、撑梗、连纹梗组成,各块蜡模制作后熔接成完整禁体。各蜡模制成后、浇灌范料成为模壳,烘培模壳,蜡料熔失,乘热浇注铜液。附兽身和舌、足兽身和舌是范铸。头花、尾花与兽的组合,兽与禁体的组合,全采用钎焊法。     

再探曾侯乙尊盘的铸造工艺

中国青铜时代有无失蜡法铸造工艺,曾侯乙尊盘是范铸还是失蜡法铸造,已成为热门话题。持失蜡法铸造观点者,理由大抵为,众多专家发表过许多论述其为失蜡法铸造的论文,且早经相关权威部门明确定论。而否定尊盘为失蜡法铸造的理由颇为直接明了,即尊盘上的范铸特征清晰无误,毫无失蜡法铸造的任何痕迹。2006年10月15日,来自多个单位、不同学科的专家从多个角度对尊盘进行了联合研究。经考察、信息采集、分析和讨论,再次一致确认曾侯乙尊盘的制作为传统范铸工艺。     

关于曾侯乙尊盘是否采用失蜡法铸造争论的述评

曾侯乙尊盘等青铜器是否采用失蜡法铸造工艺,是近来学术界一个热议的问题。本文通过对主张和否定两种观点的分析,指出过去确认尊盘为失蜡法工艺的论据不足。同时,否定说提出的一些反对意见,有多存在缺陷,否定说的核心观点--尊盘附饰上可见范缝和焊痕的说法,则是错误的。但尽管如此,曾侯乙尊盘是否采用失蜡法,则还需要进一步论证。     

曾侯乙尊盘采用失蜡法工艺铸造毋庸置疑——与《中国青铜时代不存在失蜡法铸造工艺》讨论

近年来,学术界对曾侯乙尊盘铸造法讨论颇多。本文通过埘范铸说的质疑和亲身经历的仿制实验进行分析,认为曾侯乙尊盘用范铸法铸造存存诸多技术障碍,尊盘主体及所有附饰皆应为失蜡法铸造。并且认为失蜡法是中国传统青铜铸造工艺,是非物质文化遗产。     

中国早期失蜡铸造问题的考察与思考

就先秦时期青铜器中四类无法按分块陶范铸造工艺解释的纹饰或附件——器物通体饰难于整体脱范的纹饰,纹饰凹槽内宽外窄,形成倒勾纹饰,纹饰边缘上翘,形成翻边的纹饰以及无范线绞股绳索状附件进行了技术分析或模拟试验,认为中国失蜡铸造技术起源于焚失法;焚失法最早见于商代中晚期:焚失法铸造技术在无范线失蜡法技术出现之后逐渐消亡;至春秋中晚期,无范线失蜡铸造技术已相当成熟。所谓中国青铜时代“没有失蜡法铸造器例”之说实属无稽之谈。     

中国古代范铸法铸钱工艺模拟实验研究简报

铸钱是中国古代持续时间最长、实践量最大的铸造活动,其中蕴含了许多重大的技术发明和技术创新;铸钱工艺的发展,代表了秦汉之后二千多年中国传统铸造技术的发展。然而,长期以来,学术界,尤其是冶铸界主流学术圈,对中国古代铸钱工艺技术成就缺乏认同。主要原因是:一方面,对铸钱工艺缺乏系统而深入的研究;另一方面,人们在一些关键问题上存在分歧,即“石范能否铸钱”、“铜范能否铸钱”、“汉半两叠铸范”(原始叠铸)是否存在,以及陶范、石范与铜范之间的演变关系,叠铸工艺的演变等。中国钱币博物馆与鄂州市博物馆、北京科技大学、中国科技大…     

淳化黑豆嘴出土的青铜壶研究

本文是陕西淳化黑豆嘴墓所出土的一件青铜壶的技术和风格研究。这件壶的风格和铸造工艺,与传出湖南石门的一件青铜卣极其相似。石门卣腹部高浮雕纹饰,铸造时泥芯和泥范的制作是采用同一母模同步翻制的;首端为鸟形的透空勾牙形的扉棱,以及这种扉棱要在铸器前先行铸成。这些都是典型的商代南方铸铜作坊的风格和工艺特点。二者的对比分析,表明黑豆嘴壶是晚于石门卣的另一件南方铸铜作坊产品,且二者的铸工应为一系。黑豆嘴壶和岐山贺家村凤柱斝一样,是南方输入关中的产品,其铸造年代当在中商与殷墟过渡时期或殷墟早期。梳理相类的另六件青铜壶,并爬梳扉棱分铸诸器的源流,指出武丁时期将南方铸工迁至殷墟铸器,六件壶是南方工匠及其徒子在安阳所铸。南方工匠的风格和工艺未能在殷墟得到发展,南方风格在殷墟不断被"安阳化",扉棱分铸工艺亦渐归失传。通过这样的梳理,也揭示了商代青铜器和铸工的流动。     

Did China Import Metals from Africa in the Bronze Age?

The origins of the copper, tin and lead for China's rich Bronze Age cultures are a major topic in archaeological research, with significant contributions being made by archaeological fieldwork, archaeometallurgical investigations and geochemical considerations. Here, we investigate a recent claim that the greater part of the Shang‐period metalwork was made using metals from Africa, imported together with the necessary know‐how to produce tin bronze. A brief review of the current status of lead isotopic study on Shang‐period bronze artefacts is provided first, clarifying a few key issues involved in this discussion. It is then shown that there is no archaeological or isotopic basis for bulk metal transfer between Africa and China during the Shang period, and that the copper and lead in Shang bronze with a strongly radiogenic signature is not likely to be from Africa. We call for collaborative interdisciplinary research to address the vexing question of the Shang period's metal sources, focusing on smelting sites in geologically defined potential source regions and casting workshops identified at a number of Shang settlements.     

Microscopic study of Chinese bronze casting moulds from the Eastern Zhou period

Piece mould casting technology, as a hall mark of the central plains of China during the Bronze Age, has attracted scholars' interest globally. Bronze ritual vessels found in this area were produced in large quantities and generally cast with the moulds composed of three or more sections. This enormous industry certainly required workers to have had professional knowledge to ensure the success of every single cast. Mould making technology was one of its most important parts. This research looks into the microstructure of bronze casting moulds of the Eastern Zhou period, which was a rarely studied topic in previous research. Through comparison with local pottery, it is shown that casting moulds in this period were produced with quite specialized sand-rich material, and clay was only a minor component. It is then discussed how this unique material can be beneficial to the bronze casting process and how this technology was integrated as a crucial part of the Chinese bronze casting system. These analyses might be able to portray mould makers in the ancient bronze foundries as a group of specialized people with their own traditions and professional knowledge.     

从出土实物和模拟实验看商周青铜器纹饰技术的发展脉络

通过对出土实物的观察和做模拟实验的发现,笔者认为,商周青铜器的纹饰技术伴随其范铸分型技术的进步而不断发展,同时它也引起铭文技术随之变化。商周青铜器纹饰技术具体的发展脉络为:夏代青铜器制模、制范技术不规范,纹饰技术处于摸索阶段。商早期青铜器范铸分型技术已具成熟的工艺设计思想,在素范面压塑纹饰的"纹饰压塑技术"出现;商中期青铜器纹饰技术有了划时代的进步,出现了"纹饰堆塑技术",且与"纹饰压塑技术"兼容并用;商晚期青铜器纹饰技术达到顶峰。西周青铜器范铸分型技术无明显进步,纹饰制作技术显示退化趋势;春秋中期以后,青铜器范铸工艺分型增多,纹饰技术发生改革,发明了单元纹饰范拚兑技术。     

殷墟青铜器铭文的制作方法

殷墟出土青铜器铭文的制作方法,可分为铸铭和刻铭两大类。铸铭占绝大多数,刻铭极少。铸铭的制作方法有模作铭、芯作铭和范作铭等三种形式,以模作铭为主。刻铭出现于殷墟四期,目前虽然只发现4件刻铭铜器,但其意义重大,不仅把中国青铜器刻铭的历史追溯到商代晚期,而且为研究青铜器铭文的制作技术,尤其是刻铭技术,提供了十分珍贵的实物资料。     

商周象纹青铜器初探

象纹青铜器主要流行于商代晚期至西周早期,装饰风格别致,主要在簋、鬲、壶等几类固定的器形上出现,且出土地域较为集中。本文在象纹青铜器类型学分析的基础上,试对其进行分期、分区研究,并探讨象纹装饰铜器的起源、发展及其衰落的原因,同时对青铜器装饰象纹的思想内涵作以探讨。     

The Question of "Why It Is in Henan" and the New Direction of Chinese Scientific and Technological Archaeology

The ritual institutionalization demonstrated in the bronze production at Erlitou and further developed during the Shang and Zhou periods that formed a distinctive feature of bronze civilizations. While exploring the path of the earliest state formation, we could consider why Erlitou was chosen from the unveiling of the Bronze Age in China. Much attention had been paid to archaeological, chronological, geographic, and climatic information in the existing studies, but the relationship between bronze metal resources and the formation of the Erlitou state needed more attention. Viewing the Erlitou culture as the earliest state form in China and thus exploring the path of formation of early states was a return to the original theme of archaeology.     

论早期铜镜

本文通过对考古发现的齐家文化、商代、西周、春秋早期铜镜的系统整理分析,探讨了我国早期铜镜的起源地、定名、类型及相关问题,进而论证了我国早期铜镜的几个特点.     

商周时期圈足铜器的三角形加强筋技术浅析

商周时期青铜器上的三角形加强筋技术主要用于觚、尊、簋、卣、壶、瓿、盘等圈足器的底部与圈足连接处,纵向延伸,上端较粗,承接铜器外底,下端向下延伸逐渐变细,多为等距或对称分布。加强筋的大小、数量多少的设置,根据器形因器而异,铜觚器体修长,圈足较高,加强筋多为2条或4条,纵向延伸较长,而铜簋、方彝等,底部面积较大,圈足粗矮,加强筋数量相对较多,纵向延伸较短。三角形加强筋技术起源于商代早期郑州商城陶鼎、铜鼎鼎耳与口沿连接处采用的加强筋技术,商代晚期至西周早期比较盛行,延用至春秋早期。商代晚期圈足铜器上使用较多,但又不仅限于圈足器,部分带鋬器,如爵、斝等,鋬的两端与鋬下腹壁连接处也有发现。其功能在于防止铸件连接处因凝固收缩的应力作用而出现裂纹,强化圈足器器底与圈足之间连接。     

中国的早期铜器与青铜器的起源

中国公元前16世纪以前的早期铜器已在50多个地点发现500多件,主要分布在四个地区,其年代最早为公元前4500年。早期铜器的发展,经历了公元前4500～前2500年尝试冶炼各种原始铜合金的发生期,公元前2500～前2000年以红铜为主的发展期和公元前2000～前1600年以青铜为主的成熟期。中国古代青铜器分别起源于西北地区和中原地区,青铜时代开始于公元前2000年前后。     

Special alloys from remote frontiers of the Shang Kingdom: scientific study of the Hanzhong bronzes from southwest Shaanxi, China

More than 200 bronze objects found in Hanzhong, southwest Shaanxi Province, China, a frontier region of the Shang Kingdom during the Shang dynasty, have been analysed for their composition and microstructure. Forty-three typologically distinct, and probably culturally indigenous, items have been found to be compositionally distinctive as well. This paper presents analytical results of the two types of local Hanzhong bronzes, namely the sickle-shaped and sceptre-shaped objects. Three special alloys, arsenic bronze, antimonial bronze and copper–nickel–arsenic ternary alloy, are particularly emphasized and discussed. The archaeological context of Hanzhong bronzes and their significance for the archaeometallurgy research of the Shang period are discussed as well.