The Qing Court's Troop Deployment in Tibet and Its Expenditure

1.Expenditure on troops stationedin Tibet(1) Source of military expenditureThe Qing court first stationed troops in Tibet inthe Yongzheng period (1723-1735).The purpose was toguarantee the safety of the Resident Minister of Tibet.According to Yue Zhongqi's memorial to the court inthe fifth year of the Yongzheng reign period (1727):“Ifno garrison troops were sent to Tibet,we had to main-tain armed forces in Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces inconstant readiness for an emergency.At the same time     

TANG SHAOYI AND SINO-BRITISH NEGOTIATION ON TIBETAN ISSUE

In December 1903, the British, cashing in on the Japan-Russia scramble for northeast China, sent troops into Tibet. They captured Gyangze in April the next year, and Lhasa in August. The British forced Tibet to sign the Lhasa Convention, with the aim of cutting Tibet off from Chinese territory. High Commissioner You Tai, stationed in Tibet by the Qing court, was coerced by the British to sign the Convention.When the Qing court was informed, Emperor Guangxu appointed Tang ambassador …     

清乾隆朝第二次廓尔喀侵藏战争(1791－1792)史上的几个问题(英文)

<正>From 1791 to 1792 (the 56th to 57th year of the Qianlong Emperor's reign) during the Qing Dynasty, the Gurkhas invaded Tibet for the second time. The first invasion had been in 1788-1789. This time the Qing court sent troops to Tibet and repelled the invaders going     

A STUDY OF THE ORDINANCE FOR THE MORE EFFECTIVE GOVERNING OF TIBET

In 1791 or the 56th year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong, the Korgas invaded Tibet for the second time. They did killing and looted the Tashilhungpo Monastery in Xigaze. Qing General Fukang'an was sent to drive the invaders out of Tibet. InAugust the next year, the Qing troops went deep into areas where the Korgas made home, forcing them to surrender.Based on this experience, the Qing general submitted a report to the Qing court. In 1793, the Qing court released the Ordinance for the …     

Historical Relics and Qing Rule Over Tibet

In October 1720, when the Qing troops had driven the Zungar forces out of Tibet, the Qing court started to reform the govemment system of the region that was geared to control by Tibetans of the upper ruling class.     

My Work as Secretary General of the KMT Tibet Office(Ⅱ)

EDITOR'S NOTE: As World War II was about to end in the 1940s, the KMT Government built the Xikang-Tibet Highway and dispatched troops into the region, and Chiang Kai-shek appointed Shen Zonglian Director of the Tibet Office. The KMT Tibet Office remained in operation until in 1949, when the Tibetan government reacted to "drive the Hans out of Tibet." The author of the following story was secretary general of the KMT Tibet Office at that time. The following is the second part o…     

以康治藏：七世达赖喇嘛移驻惠远寺与清朝的康藏经略（英文）

正When the"Tibetan War"2 broke out in May,1727,Tibet asked the Qing Court for help and the Qing court ordered Jalangga and Zhou Ying,with Qing troops,to rescue Tibet.After the event,Pho lha ba was titled the"prince"by the Qing Court and     

Further Understanding of the Local Official Post System of Tibet in the Period of the Republic of China

In the period of the Republic of China, Tibet was in a special historical period of development. The reforms in establishing a Tibetan system for appointment of official positions went through different stages. In the system of the fusion of political and religious affairs, mild reforms were carried out so as to adapt themselves to different social changes and help maintain the situation of Tibet,     

The Fact of the 1705 Event in Tibet

From 1637 to 1642,Güshri Khan of the Qosod,which was a clan of the Oyirad Mongols,conquered Amdo,Kham,and Central Tibet with his Oyirad allied troops,then he united the Tibetan Plateau and established "the Qosod Khanate court"1 From then on,four descendants in Güshri Khan's lineage acted as Khans at Lhasa one after another,and Lha-bzang Khan (reigned 1703-1717) was the last of them.     

Emperor Qianlong＇s Policy for Rule Over Tibet

In 1751,when Qing troops had quelled the rebelion staged by Zholmet Namozhale ,the Qing court promulgated the 13-Article Ordinance for the Governing of Tibet,Which established the system of rule over Tibet by the Dalai Lama and Qing High Commissioners.     

My Reporti Decades In Tibet

I am 61 years old. My hometown is Batang, now part of Sichuan Province. Driven by apoor life, father joined the KMT five days after I was born. His troops went over to the PLA right before national liberation. He joined the PLA 18th Army and was sent into Tibet. On the morning of October 17,1950, the PLA forces marched from Mamkang and Dege toward Qamdo, which was garrisoned by Tibetan troops. The latter soon surrendered or were routed. Qamdo was liberated on the 19th. On May 23,1951, the Central Government and the local government of Tibet signed an agreement for the peaceful liberation of Tibet.Join the PLA When 11I joined the PLA to follow in my father's footsteps in 1951, when I was only 11.1 left Batang on April     

1705年西藏事变的真相（英文）

正From 1637 to 1642,Güshri Khan of the Qosod,which was a clan of the Oyirad Mongols,conquered Amdo,Kham,and Central Tibet with his Oyirad allied troops,then he united the Tibetan Plateau and established"the Qosod Khanate court"1 From then on,four descendants in Güshri Khan’s lineage acted as Khans at Lhasa one after     

Six Tibetan Translations of the Ratnagotravibhaga

The Ratnagotravibhaga （abbr. RGV） is one of the most influential texts among Indic works that teach the Buddha-nature doctrine in Tibet. No translation of the text seems to have existed in Tibet before the 11th century, inasmuch as no catalogue of the imperial period （the 9th century）,     

My Experience of Transporting Materials Into Tibet

On April 28, 1952, the 10th Panchen Erdeni returned to Lhasa from Qinghai. The PLA troops who escorted him, and the 18th Army of the PLA Northwest Military Area,received directives from the Central Government not to “take food from the Tibetans while marching into Tibet.”However, there were only sufficient provisions to last less than four months, posing serious living difficulties for the military personnel in Tibet.     

试论英国在廓尔喀两次入侵西藏中的角色问题(英文)

<正>In 1788, Gurkha invaded Tibet in the name of "silver-money trade conflict" for the first time. When Tibet local government responded in a flurry and the Ambans asked Qing court for help with urgency, Drungpa Hutoktu, the regent of Tsang, wrote to Lord Cornwallis to seek help in the name of Panchen Lama, keeping from the Ambans. Lord     

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TIBETAN AND HAN OPERAS

Tibetan opera is an ethnic and unique theatrical genre in the system of Chinese operas. All the ethnic operas in China are directly or indirectly akin to Han operas, so is Tibetan opera. As a member of the big family, Tibetan opera necessarily absorbs some artistic nutrition from other Chinese operas. As a result, it acquires the common style and some common formal characteristics of Chinese national operas as a whole. The generality just lies on the level of cultural genre and overall flavor, however. As for the entity of the theatrical art itself, Tibetan opera is basically and independently derived from Tibetan culture and art except for some indirect influences from Han operas. During Emperor Qiaulong＇s reign, some leaders of the Qing troops stationed in Tibet used to organize soldiers from Shaanxi and Gansu to perform Shaanxi opera in the army In the period of the Republic of China, the office of Commission on Mongolian and Tibetan affairs in Lhasa promoted opera performance to celebrate victory in the Anti-Japanese War, New Year＇s celebrations,     

New Books

正The Second Long March-On-the-spot record of marching to and liberating Tibet Jampal Gyatso,the author,joined in the Chinese People's Liberation Army(PLA)when he was just twelve years old.He witnessed the whole process of marching to Tibet to liberate the people there.This march is referred to as"the second long march"by Marshal Liu Bocheng.During this period,the author took the role as a Chinese-Tibetan interpreter to work amongst     

论分裂割据时代藏传佛教个各派对藏族文学的影响(英文)

The historical period of the feudal separatist regimes of Tibet refers to the period of more than 400years from the collapse of the Tubo Dynasty to     

Historic Development of the TIbetan Population

The Tibet Autonomous Region in China's Far West, with an average elevation above 3,000 meters, suffers from oxygen deficiency and inferior natural conditions, which led to low life expectancy in the past. The population reported by the local former government of Tibet was 1 million according to the first census of New China in 1953. But in 2000, the figure is 2.615 million, including 2.41 million Tibetans accounting for 92.2 percent of the total population. Most of the remainder are Han people (150,530 or 5.9 percent of the total) and 59,000 people of other ethnic groups (1.9 percent).The population of Tibetans in Tibet     

Further Comments on the Simla Conference

Early in the period of the Republic of China,inAugust 1913,the Government of the Republic of Chinaheaded by Yuan Shikai sent a delegation to participatein tripartite talks in British India between China,Brit-ain and Tibet.This was under pressure from the Brit-ish Government and the aim was to“solve”the so-called Tibetan issue.Being held in Simla,the confer-ence was remembered by history as the SimlaConference.After long-drawn-out negotiations,noagreement was reached.The conference ended in fail-