博物馆:城市的文化支点——陈燮君馆长专访

随着2010上海世博会与国际博协第22届代表大会的成功举办与召开,博物馆的职能与作用,特别是其与城市文化建设的关系再一次成为博物馆界思考和关注的问题。上海博物馆陈燮君馆长指出,上海博物馆和上海文化遗产工作的实践表明,文化遗产见证了城市文化发展的脉络,博物馆在珍藏、研究、保护、展示与利用文化遗产的同时,能通过拓展服务功能,与城市文化建设产生良性互动,从而成为城市的文化支点,推进城市文化发展。     

25年中国世界遗产之路

25年前,当遗产问题受到世界各国越来越多的关注和重视时,中国作为一个有着5000年文明史的古国顺应国际潮流,加入了《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》,对国际社会作出了为全人类妥善保护中国境内世界遗产的庄严承诺。在此后的25年间,中国积极参与国际文化和自然遗产的保护,并积极申报世界遗产,成为一个已拥有40处文化和自然遗产的遗产大国。     

国内外线性遗产文献综述

近年,线性遗产越来越受到国际社会的广泛关注。但是,在欧洲、美国和中国不同文化体系中,对线性遗产的称谓不尽相同,这在一定程度上对线性遗产国际交流与合作造成了障碍。对宪章、公约、法案、标准和国内外研究论文等涉及线性遗产的相关文献进行回顾并比较后可知:源于欧洲的文化线路概念更重视对文化的挖掘与保护;兴起于美国的遗产廊道概念对景观和游憩功能给予了格外关注;而我国新近引入的欧美概念与原有的本土概念混用,造成了线性遗产概念的泛化。我国学术界应尽快统一线性遗产概念,建立交流顺畅的线性遗产学术平台,进而推动我国和国际线性遗产保护事业的持续发展。     

国际博物馆协会主席在京演讲侧记

2005年9月22日,国际博物馆协会主席亚历山德拉·库敏丝女士和国际博物馆协会秘书长约翰·杰瑞夫先生应中国博物馆学会的邀请访华,并为在京的各博物馆馆长做了关于国际博协及其工作的主题报告。两位介绍了国际博协基本组织结构、近期的主要活动,博物馆道德准则、合作伙伴等,并回答了听众有关博物馆展览、宣传、经营哲学等问题。在谈到什么才是现代博物馆的标准时,库敏丝主席说：博物馆是文化的集藏地、     

国际博物馆协会藏品保护委员会第19届大会通知

<正>国际博物馆协会藏品保护委员会(ICOM-CC)将于2020年9月14日至18日在北京举办ICOM-CC第19届大会。会议主题为"打破边界:论文物保护学科的综合性"(Transcending Boundaries:Integrated Approaches to Conservation)。ICOM-CC是国际博协下设国际专业委员会中规模最大的委员会,致力于文化遗产保护理论和相关科学技术研究、交流和推广。其每三年举行一次的大会,是国际藏品保护人员、专家学者及机构重要的学术和     

史前遗址博物馆与社区文化建设

国际博协将新世纪第一个国际博物馆日的主题确定为"博物馆与建设社区",这显示着博物馆与社区间的关系已成为21世纪博物馆发展的关键。本文分析了史前遗址博物馆在社区文化建设方面的优势,并提出史前遗址博物馆参与社区文化建设的若干建议。     

中西遗产保护比较的几点思考:一个跨文化的视角

近年来,西方国家世界遗产保护体系的实践经验对中国遗产保护产生了深远的影响。从跨文化的视角看,中国遗产保护在借鉴西方的遗产保护体制时,需要注意保护体制和管理对象的差别,也要注意东西文化的差异导致的对遗产保护中"原真性"的不同理解。因此,中国遗产保护既要重视传统历史文化和物质遗产中的精神元素,也要考虑在保护、传承和利用文化遗产的基础上充分发挥其社会功能,更要从中西方的文化差异出发,在遵守国际保护理论精神的基础上,探索出符合中国国情和文化特征的保护理论和方法。     

大运河的文化积淀及其在新世纪的命运——大运河遗产保护规划和申遗工作的回顾与体会

大运河是中国惟一一条南北走向的大型的人工水系,2008年大运河申遗联盟的成立正式启动了大运河遗产的保护和申遗工作。国家文物局委托中国文化遗产研究院和东南大学制定了大运河遗产一阶段保护规划要求,组建了大运河遗产保护与申遗专家委员会,2012年9月,大运河申遗城市联盟在扬州讨论和制定大运河遗产保护规定,2013年大运河申遗的文本将提交世界遗产组织。国家文物局从一开始就明确了大运河申遗与保护的关系,申遗只是一种推动保护的方式,保护好大运河遗产、揭示和展示大运河遗产所蕴含的杰出的普遍价值以及深层次的中国文化特色并将之传承后代是这一运动的基本宗旨。申遗过程也像是一场对中国学术界和行政机构的国际考试。     

中国钱币与银行博物馆委员会组团出席国际钱币与银行博物馆委员会第二十三届年会

正2016年7月4日至7日,国际钱币与银行博物馆委员会(ICOMON)第二十三届年会在意大利米兰隆重召开。此次会议是第二十四届国际博协(ICOM)大会的组成部分,本届博协大会的主题是"博物馆和文化景观"。中国钱币与银行博物馆委员会组成以中国钱币博物馆党委书记李明为团长的五人代表团出席了会议。本届年会主题为"文化景观中的钱币/钱币的虚拟展示",共有来自16个国家近30名     

“文化遗产”概念回溯及我国之运用

概念梳理是研究的基础。目前国际社会影响最大的法律文件——《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》中所定义的"文化遗产"概念所指对象范围大体对应于我国《文物保护法》的"不可移动文物",即建筑(群)、遗址等,这与概念产生的背景因素相关——正是社会思想的发展促进了公众对"公共遗产"的关注,注重对建筑类遗产的保护。而我国现在所广泛运用的"文化遗产"概念,则在《公约》等文献理念的基础上,体现出进一步的理解。     

The heritage ‘NGO’: a case study on the role of grass roots heritage societies in Iran and their perception of cultural heritage

This paper examines the activities of a group of heritage enthusiasts in Iran. Grass roots heritage activism is a relatively recent phenomenon that appeared in Iran since the late 1990s. They are increasingly operating collectively as cultural or heritage NGOs. They have diverse socio-economic origins and political views. However, as this paper argues, they share a common ground in their activities; one that maintains an ambivalent and critical relationship with the state and official definitions of heritage and identity. Referring to interview and other data collected during fieldwork in Iran, this paper traces and analyses the contours of that common ground and argues that there is a nascent heritage movement in the country. The impact and contribution of these emerging and self-reflective heritage movements to Iranian identity, which is reflected in their embracing of diversity and the notion of historical continuity, reveal the dynamism and complexity of the cultural and political landscape of contemporary Iranian society. They also reveal the importance of generating further scholarship in the field of Iranian cultural heritage. In conceptualising the characteristics of a nascent heritage movement in Iran, the paper makes a new contribution to the approach of existing scholarship in the broader field of heritage studies.     

Rhetoric of unity and cultural diversity in the making of European cultural identity

The fundamental aim of the cultural policy of the European Union (EU) is to emphasize the obvious cultural diversity of Europe, while looking for some underlying common elements which unify the various cultures in Europe. Through these common elements, the EU policy produces ‘an imagined cultural community’ of Europe which is ‘united in diversity’, as one of the slogans of the Union states. This discourse characterizes various documents which are essential to the EU cultural policy, such as the Treaty of Lisbon, the European Agenda for Culture and the EU’s decision on the European Capital of Culture program. In addition, the discourse is applied to the production of cultural events in European Capitals of Culture in practice. On all levels of the EU’s cultural policy, the rhetoric of European cultural identity and its ‘unitedness in diversity’ is related with the ideas and practices of fostering common cultural heritage.     

Networked practices of intangible urban heritage: the changing public role of Dutch heritage professionals

This study examines the changing roles of heritage professionals by focusing on the participatory practices of intangible urban heritage. Developments towards democratisation in the heritage sector led to a growing expectation that heritage professionals would work with local publics. This democratisation is manifested in (1) the use of digital media for grassroots heritage practices, (2) the broader scope of what is defined as heritage, and (3) a focus on communities in UNESCO’s Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. Heritage professionals are thus challenged to develop inclusive heritage practices, particularly in cities, which are characterised by a dynamic nature and cultural diversity. In this article, I analyse how urban heritage organisations and professionals have responded to these developments. Drawing on interviews and a qualitative content analysis of these organisations’ policy documents, I examine the ways in which heritage professionals reconsider their public role through what I define as networked practices of intangible heritage. This concept captures the networked structure in which heritage professionals increasingly work, and also demonstrates how heritage is given meaning through public practices that take place in both the physical and virtual realms of contemporary cities.     

文化遗产和旅游的可持续发展

旅游业给遗产保护与遗产地管理带来了机遇与挑战。旅游业对维护文化和自然遗产价值,对社会、当地群众及非物质文化遗产均有影响,也给当地遗产设施发展与保护带来机遇。联合国教科文组织始终致力于文化与自然遗产的保护与弘扬工作,开创有前瞻性的旅游业,承认文化多样性原则,强调旅游业在促进遗产保护等方面的有效作用。其创意城市网络主推的"善行旅游",严格遵循原真性与完整性的原则,通过对世界文化遗产、纪念碑、历史建筑、国家公园、博物馆等各类景区定期评估,提升公众关于新旅游产品及旅客稀少遗址的意识,提升参观者体验感受等多种行动,改善人群福利,保护自然和文化遗产,促进经济和社会发展,从而有利于文化遗产保护与旅游业可持续发展。     

Exploring preferences and non-use values for hidden archaeological artefacts: a case from Denmark

This paper presents a choice experiment study of a proposed wetland restoration project which aims to preserve archaeological artefacts from Stone Age villages which are presently buried within the topsoil. Wetland restoration can avoid destruction of the artefacts due to agricultural cultivation and drainage, and in addition improve biological diversity and recreational opportunities. The results indicate that even though the artefacts are not visible or usable for the population of today, but may contain information and potential value for future generations, the strongest preferences displayed is for ensuring permanent protection of archaeological artefacts, rather than biological diversity and recreational opportunities. The results are discussed in relation to the Prospect Theory: people value a loss of cultural heritage higher than a gain of new cultural goods or services. This insight is of general interest to cultural economics and cultural policy, especially with respect to heritage protection.     

非物质文化遗产的主体与保护主体之解析

非物质文化遗产保护是一项全人类、全社会卷入的公共文化事业,需要各方面主动扮演相应的角色、发挥各自的优势、承担特定的责任。把各个方面建构成积极有为的身份,就成为非遗保护的一项颇有建设价值的理论工作。其中,以"主体"身份看待相关的各个方面,是一项有益的尝试。界定非遗的主体与非遗保护的主体,实际上也是探索建立非遗保护这项公共文化事业的分工合作的身份框架。     

Adopting ‘things of the little’: intangible cultural heritage and experiential authenticity of place in the Jewellery Quarter,Birmingham

The paper discusses notions and experiences of authenticity of place in relation to intangible cultural heritage. Drawing on qualitative informant interviews with representatives of traditional and new businesses in the Jewellery Quarter in Birmingham (UK), it analyses authenticity of place with regard to three key dimensions: the experience of origins, the experience of continuity and the experience of potentiality and actuality. Findings suggest that intangible cultural heritage activates and facilitates experiences of authenticity, often related to people’s individual identity constructs and associated benefits or detriments. Some heritage concepts have evolved from their narrowly defined historic context and inform experiences of authenticity in the present.     

Ecomuseums and the Democratisation of Japanese Museology

The idea of the ‘integrated museum’, a more socially inclusive form of cultural institution, was a key outcome from the UNESCO/ICOM ‘Round Table of Santiago’ in 1972. Many of the concepts embodied in this idea became part of ecomuseum philosophy and practice during the 1970s and 1980s, in particular the need to involve local communities and make museums more democratic. The ecomuseum has the potential to be a socially inclusive mechanism and is now a worldwide phenomenon. Many of its tenets (the museum as territory, fragmented sites, in situ conservation and community leadership) are used—in a variety of ways and with varying success—as a mechanism to conserve cultural and heritage resources and to construct and promote local or regional cultural identities. Although the philosophy and practice of ecomuseums has been subject to criticism, they are still being created, mainly in rural areas, as a means of conserving traditional landscapes and ways of life. Japan has embraced the ecomuseum philosophy, and three contrasting ecomuseums (Hirano, Asahi and Miura) are described here, their roles analysed and their democratic nature questioned. It appears that the ecomuseum does have the ability to be a truly democratic method of heritage conservation, but that ultimately much depends on leadership and the identification of the local community as the key stakeholder.     

Rethinking the global heritage discourse – overcoming ‘East’ and ‘West’?

This article illustrates how Japan’s involvement in international heritage discourse, in particular since the Nara Conference in 1994, played an important role in the development of a global understanding of heritage and what it constitutes. It explores the way the Ise Shrine came to be represented as an iconic example of an ‘Eastern approach’ to heritage to become central in the paradigm shift within global heritage discourse towards acknowledging cultural diversity. In this article, however, I argue that the presentation and understanding of the Ise Shrine has perpetuated a number of misconceptions about an Eastern approach to heritage conservation. In particular, its presentation and interpretation as a cultural site devoid of its distinct religious and political significance, limits what can be learned from it. This article argues that without full recognition of the religious beliefs intimately embedded in the traditional social structures, practices and attitudes related to heritage sites, recognition of cultural diversity would remain limited.