红陶鸟形器

红陶鸟形器长20、宽5、高11.5厘米,属齐家文化,距今约4000年,征集品,现收藏于甘肃省文物商店。继马家窑文化之后发展起来的齐家文化,陶器以素陶为主,着重造型,器形富于变化,尤以鸟兽造型为多。这件红陶鸟形器,采用了塑与印、刻相结合的手法,鸟为小头,凸嘴,圆腿,头部残存红彩。在鸟的上半身印小圆圈纹,一侧     

东夷文化的鸟图腾崇拜初探

东夷文化是华夏文明的重要源头之一,东夷部族作为最古老的部族之一,对华夏文明的发展做出了很大的贡献。文章从东夷文化的起源开始探讨东夷部族的生活背景,从上古神话中找出东夷文化与鸟图腾崇拜的源头。通过文献记载找出东夷文化与鸟图腾崇拜的联系,从鸟官制度来反映东夷人的精神信仰及部落氏族的关系,再结合考古学资料,通过对山东大汶口文化、龙山文化遗址出土的大量陶鬶和鸟形器物、东夷部族所在地理位置以及东夷人的鸟图腾崇拜进行考证,探讨东夷文化中鸟图腾崇拜的价值。     

共命鸟与比翼鸟

本文归纳了汉唐之间文物中双头鸟身纹样的材料,并且就中国古代对比翼鸟的记载与佛教文化中对共命鸟的记载探讨了这两种古代神鸟的传承关系。认为它们的含义都有所改变,并且相互影响。东汉晚期至三国时期,在中原人的概念中,共命鸟与比翼鸟的形象融合为一体。通过这一推导,提出在沂南画像石中出现的双人头鸟也应该是共命鸟,它反映了早期佛教的传入情况。     

“金鸟饰”辨识

2001年6月,在河南省巩义市一座汉代夫妻合葬墓中出土了一件"金鸟饰",造型别致精巧,鲜见于中原地区出土汉代文物。本文通过对文献、汉代图像及实物资料的对比分析,提出"金鸟饰"即金胜的观点,同时对"胜"的其他相关问题进行了探讨。     

中国国家博物馆馆藏鸟形青铜匜器形来源考释

中国国家博物馆馆藏春秋晚期、战国早期的青铜礼器——鸟形青铜匜造型独特,全器呈三足鸟形,整体造型兼顾器物本身"匜"和表现具象的鸟兽形的特征。通过对青铜匜的自名的文字字形和器形演进的考证,认为匜的器形来源于盘、盉;进一步通过文献考证发现,盉与祼礼器"彝"关系密切,亦可上溯至新石器时代的"鬹",与崇鸟文化相关。从分析匜、盉的自名文字和相关出土资料,分析匜与盉在器形和功用上存在的异同点及其成因,进而明确匜与灌礼的关系。在此基础上,对鸟形青铜匜造型的来源进行梳理,发现鸟形青铜匜在造型、功能、文化内涵上符合灌礼器的特征,与鸟(鸡)彝所代表的祼礼器一脉相承,来源于上古崇鸟习俗和太阳神、风神崇拜,造型上既带有拟形酒器的遗迹,又具有匜的独特造型。     

文物中的东夷文化符号——济南市考古研究所藏鸟形纹饰欣赏

《礼记·王制》记载:"东方曰‘夷’。"山东地区即是古代东夷族的聚集地。根据文献记载,东夷族是一个崇拜鸟的民族。所以,历史上又称这一带的古代居民为鸟夷。正如《大戴礼记·五帝德》曰:"东方鸟夷民。"而在现实的考古发现中也印证了上述观点,大汶口文化、龙山文化等遗址中都发现了以鸟为题材的文物标本,鸟的形象在陶器、骨器、玉器、青铜器和金银器中的出现频率极高,这些鸟的形象丰富多变,生动鲜活:既有立体圆雕的鸟,也有雕刻在器物上的鸟形纹饰,还有外形为鸟的盛器或容器。不仅有现实存在的鸟,还有神话传说中虚幻出来的神鸟,充分体现了这一时期先民对鸟的高度崇拜。济南市考古研究所在20余年的考古发掘中发现了一些带有鸟形纹饰或鸟形器物的文物标本,为研究东夷文化提供了重要的史料信息。这些标本具有重要的文物价值和历史价值。     

鸟崇拜与良渚文化神人兽面纹

我国的许多新石器时代的考古文化中,都存在鸟崇拜的现象,在长江下游地区尤为突出,许多相关传说都和我国东南地区有密切的联系。良渚文化的神人兽面纹,取象神鸟,与鸟崇拜相关,而这一母题,应是鸮鸟,即猫头鹰。     

虎装饰母题与赣文化因子

笔者曾在《鸟图腾及相关问题》一文中阐释过新干商墓出土青铜器上的鸟装饰对于长江文明、尤其是对于江西的古代文明所带来的特殊意义①。当时因案头资料尚不全,未及研究新干商器中更富有特色的虎装饰。虎形装饰,不仅在江西新干商墓器物上有,而且国内许多遗址的出土物上大量存在,甚至世界各地的崇虎现象也屡见不鲜。即便如此,我们仍可认为在早期赣文化的形成中,虎装饰具有重要作用。一、鸟与虎的合体器１９８９年在新干商代大墓中出土的伏鸟双尾虎形器（图一,１）,早已引人注目。该器外形似虎尊,却并非虎尊,因其腹底不联,内空,不能盛物;背伏…     

渤海上京城发现的童子骑鸟铜像

1960年,在渤海国上京城遗址内发现一童子骑鸟铜像,发现者将其送交当时的文化部门,现藏宁安市文物管理所.     

浅谈良渚文化的崇鸟习俗

浅谈良渚文化的崇鸟习俗杨菊华良渚文化是分布于太湖流域、杭嘉湾地区的古老文化遗存．该文化不少精美的陶制品及贵重玉器上均描绘或琢磨乌形图案,并有圆雕玉鸟出土,反映了良渚人与鸟的亲密关系非同一般,而这种关系的详情正是本文所要探讨的内容,不妥之处,请方家指正...     

The bioerosion of bird bones

This study presents a synthesis of the evidence for modern archaeological, and palaeontological bioerosion of vertebrate tissue. It describes the first evidence for the bioerosion of modern, archaeological and fossil bird bones. A new form of bone bioerosion, known as Hackett tunnels, is defined. The bioerosion of vertebrate tissue by cyanobacteria and algae in modern marine and lacustrine environments is also described. Archaeological evidence indicates that the destruction of bone by bioerosion occurs in other terrestrial environments, such as cave deposits and middens. Bone from marine and lacustrine environments that appears to be macroscopically well preserved can have large amounts of microscopic fabric destruction. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

托之俊鸟

<正>在一些摄影人的镜头里,总是有很传奇的照片。把十多年时光献给一个景区的胡印民,是从景区破土动工伊始,就开始用相机记录那里的一草一木的。后来,景区建成了海边600亩荷园,世界各国名贵     

鸟类摄影的曝光控制

<正>曝光是指摄影用的胶片、相纸、数码感光元件接受光的时间和数量的过程。从测光到曝光这个过程现代生产的照相机都实现了自动化,然而这种程序式的自动化控制往往不尽如人意,所以,照相机生产商又在照相机上设计了曝光补偿系统,专门用来修正被摄主体的曝光不足或曝光过度。但是,有相当一部分摄影初学者还运用不好曝光补偿系统,当被摄主体     

The potential of bird remains for environmental reconstruction

Until relatively recently, studies of bird remains have been regarded as peripheral to mainstream research on early archaeological and palaeontological sites, rather than a potentially crucial factor in the reconstruction of the past environments in which hominids and other larger mammals were present This paper sets out to define the range of ecological information for a site which can be gained through study of the bird bones, using as an example the bones recovered in the excavations at Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evidence of hawking (falconry) from bird and mammal bones

This paper deals with the archaeozoological and archaeological evidence for hawking, or falconry. The methods and history of hawking in Europe are described, after which five types of evidence for hawking are discussed. These are illustrated with material from the Slavonic stronghold of Oldenburg in Ostholstein, in the north of Germany, dated to AD 750–1150. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Subsistence and symbol: the interpretation of bird remains in archaeology

This issue of the journal is devoted to papers on the role of birds in archaeology. Most of the contributions are based on papers given at the second meeting of the Bird Working Group of the International Council for Archaezoology (ICAZ) held at the University of Southampton (UK) in September 1995. The meeting brought together archaeologists, zoologists and ornithologists, and the subjects discussed cover most of the relationships between humans and birds that can be established form the study of birds from archaeological sites.     

Preservation of bird bones: erosion versus digestion by owls

Surface damage to bird bones from pellets of three species of owls (S. aluco, A. otus and B. bubo) was compared with that of bird bones exposed to weathering and soil corrosion (Záskogo Cave in the Western Balkan Mountains, Bulgaria and Ciemna Cave, southern Poland). Scanning electron microscopy and light microscope examinations indicate that the effects of weathering of bird bones (extensive pitting and flaking away on whole bones, holes with sharp edges, depressions with rough bottoms and sharp edges of breakage) are distinguishable from those of digestion (rounding of hole edges on articular ends and sometimes on shafts, rounding of breakage). However, soil corrosion may produce similar rounding to that of digestion, which may hamper taphonomic interpretations of fossil assemblages. Two stages of weathering in bird bone are distinguished. Generally, the kind of damage done to bird bones is similar to that done to mammalian remains. Taphonomic studies of fossil bird remains should take into account a combination of features, including surface damage, fragmentation and possible chemical alterations of bone tissues. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

像鸟儿在西藏天空自由滑翔

最好的飞行场地,肯定要有很好的气流条件、绝美的风景,以及具有一定挑战性的飞行路线,这才能最大的体现滑翔伞飞行的魅力。西藏就属于这样的地方。滑翔伞是世界上最轻便的飞行器,凭借气流,滑翔伞可以盘高飞远。目前滑翔伞飞行直线距离世界纪录为588.27公里,盘升高度世界纪录为8157米。有着世界屋脊之称的西藏,对滑翔伞飞行爱好者来讲自然有着非凡的魅力。而美丽的圣湖——羊卓雍措(以下简称羊湖),则是在西藏滑翔的首选之地。