三种植物精油对博物馆空气霉菌的抑菌活性研究

从广西民族博物馆易滋生霉菌的展柜里分离、纯化及鉴定了三株霉菌,并研究香叶精油、罗勒精油和山苍子精油对霉菌的抑菌效果,测试这些植物精油喷洒于纸张表面后纸样的防霉性及鉴定三种精油的主要抑菌活性成分。实验结果显示,三种供试植物精油对霉菌均具有显著的抑菌效果,在纸张上的防霉效果也很明显,其综合抑菌效果大小为:香叶精油罗勒精油山苍子精油。GC-MS分析表明,香叶精油的主要活性成分为:香叶醇(56.73%)、橙花醇(38.31%)。罗勒精油的主要活性成分为:丁香酚(83.14%),己二醇(16.15%)。山苍子精油的主要活性成分为:柠檬醛(36.01%),(Z)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛(29.71%)和柠檬烯(16.67%)。植物精油作为博物馆展存环境的空气防霉剂具有良好的应用前景。     

几种常用馆藏文物防霉剂的抑菌效果比较研究

南方湿热环境下馆藏有机类文物易滋生霉菌,使文物遭受不可逆转的破坏。馆藏文物霉菌防治目前常用的方法是严格控制保存环境的温湿度和投放防霉剂,这两种方法受到经费或使用方式的制约,有一定的局限性。针对这种情况,南京博物院于2011年起开展了馆藏文物防霉纸的研制工作。针对防霉纸研制中防霉剂的选取问题,选择了国内文博机构常用的几种安全可靠的防霉剂进行了抑菌效果实验。通过对抑菌圈直径、抑菌时效等数据的对比研究,发现LAg003、NMF-1和MD等防霉剂对馆藏文物常见霉菌有较好的抑制效果,可应用于馆藏文物防霉纸中。     

植物中药成分应用于文物虫霉病害防治中的适用性探讨

虫霉病害是馆藏文物,尤其是有机质文物的主要病害之一,而目前文物虫霉病害的防治方法难以满足安全、环保的需求.本工作总结了植物中药成分对害虫的引诱、驱避,拒食,生长发育抑制和毒杀作用以及在抗霉菌方面的研究进展,认为虽然植物中药成分在驱虫防霉性能上的有效性已经得到证实,但应用于文物虫霉病害的防治上还应在毒性、防治机制以及对文物的安全性等方面做进一步的研究.     

真丝文物霉变菌株的分离、鉴定及防霉药剂筛选

中国的桑蚕丝织业延绵千年,真丝文物记载了中国作为丝绸古国的辉煌历史,对中国古文化及古工业的研究都具有重要意义。而真丝文物在出土及保藏过程中极易遭受霉菌污染,严重影响文物的研究展示和文化价值的传承,成为各大博物馆和研究所的困扰。通过对真丝文物霉变菌株的分离及鉴定,可以了解真丝文物霉菌污染现状,为真丝文物的防霉控制提供靶标菌株。筛选真丝文物防霉处理剂可为探索真丝文物防霉控制方法提供新的思路,促进真丝文物防霉新技术的开发。本研究从苏州丝绸博物馆霉变真丝文物中分离纯化得到4株霉菌,分别编号为A、D、H、K。采用点植法培养真丝霉变菌株单菌落,观察其菌落特征和培养特性,通过显微观察法记录分生孢子形态、大小等显微结构,结合分子生物学方法构建系统发育树,对真丝文物霉变菌株进行鉴定。同时采用牛津杯法测试3-碘-2丙炔基-N-正丁基氨基甲酸酯(IPBC)、2-甲基-4-异噻唑啉-3-酮(MIT)、苯并异噻唑啉-3-酮(BIT)、聚六亚甲基单胍磷酸盐(PHMG)4种防霉剂对4株真丝霉变菌株的抑菌活性。结果表明：4株霉菌分别属于半知菌类丛梗孢目的3个属：曲霉属(Aspergillus),节孢霉属(Arthri...     

基于ATP生物发光法的文物霉变检测与应用研究

为研究判定ATP(adenosine triphosphate,三磷酸腺苷)生物发光法在文物表面霉菌污染检测中应用可行性、科学性及适用性,利用ATP生物发光法对文物表面50种霉菌的生物发光值进行检测;构建了7种常见霉菌及其混合菌的菌落总数值与ATP生物发光值的线性关系函数,并在对应线性关系下分析了预测菌落总数值与实际值的差异;进一步利用ATP生物发光法评价模拟染霉试样在香茅醛熏蒸处理前后的霉菌数量变化。结果显示:50株待测霉菌中90%霉菌均检出了生物发光值(RLU)。在不同培养条件下,青霉、曲霉、木霉、毛壳菌、枝孢菌以及其混合菌的菌落总数对数值(lg^(CFU/mL))与生物发光对数值(lg^(RLU))之间均呈现了良好的线性关系,相关系数R^(2)>0.9817;在相应的线性关系下,预测的菌落总数值与实际平板计数的菌落总数值具有一致性(P<0.05),说明ATP生物发光法可以对文物表面霉菌进行准确相对定量。此外,香茅醛熏蒸处理组和对照组文物表面霉菌的生物发光值和菌落总数呈现了相同的差异变化趋势,说明ATP生物发光法可以直接用于熏蒸剂抑菌效力的评价。因此,ATP生物发光法在文物霉变检测中具有很高的适用性,同时在文物霉变程度分析及霉变文物消杀处理的效果评价等方面具有良好的应用价值,可为文物微生物病害的防控提供有效的技术支持。     

防霉防腐剂的抗流失性及防霉效果的研究

为筛选适合木质文物使用的防霉防腐剂,对ML 208、咪鲜胺、戊唑醇、MV OP-10 4种防霉防腐剂进行了抗流失性和抑菌效果的研究。结果表明,4种药剂表现出不同的抗流失性,其抗流失性顺序为ML 208>咪鲜胺>戊唑醇>MV OP-10;MV OP-10的抗流失性虽较差,但雨水冲刷后仍具有较好的防霉效果;ML 208的抗流失性虽较强,但对霉菌的抗菌效果较差。     

棉类纺织品文物霉变菌株的分离与鉴定

纺织品文物霉变研究在纺织品文物保护、修复、贮藏中占重要地位。为了确定馆藏棉类纺织品文物霉变微生物的种类,了解棉织物纺织品文物真菌病害特点,本研究采用PDA培养基对棉类纺织品文物上霉变部位提取微生物进行分离纯化,对纯化后的霉菌进行18S rDNA-ITS序列分析,通过比较NCBI核酸序列数据库序列同源性构建发育树。最终分离纯化共得到6株霉菌,测序结果鉴定为青霉属、交链孢霉属、曲霉属、镰刀属,该四种霉属可能是棉类纺织类文物的致霉优势霉属。利用形态学方法结合分子生物学手段对棉类纺织品文物霉变微生物进行分离鉴定,确保获取结果更加快速和精准,结合当前博物馆对纺织品文物的保护现状,提出棉类纺织品文物综合保护措施,为此类文物的防霉工作以及抗霉材料的开发提供理论依据。     

古代书画文物上污染霉菌的分离与鉴定研究

书画文物由于组成多为有机质成分,自身抵抗环境变化能力比较差,容易被霉菌污染而产生霉斑。通过对古代书画文物霉斑上的霉菌进行分离鉴定,可以更好地了解污染古代书画文物的霉菌的特性。本实验对分离于古代书画文物表面霉斑处的22株真菌进行纯化培养,采用真菌ITS区rDNA序列进行进化分析,并通过形态分析和菌丝的显微观察进一步验证了实验的结果,确定了引起古代书画文物污染的霉菌是由多种霉菌共同作用的结果,其中包括烟曲霉、棒曲霉、意大利青霉和黑曲霉等。根据这些霉菌的生长和繁殖特性提出了相关的控制措施,以达到抑制霉菌微生物的生长,使书画文物得到妥善保护。     

古旧纸本字画孳生霉斑的鉴定

古旧纸本字画在保存过程中,易于孳生霉菌病害,霉菌会对纸质文物造成不可逆转的破坏作用。为鉴定字画上孳生的霉菌种类,利用分子生物学方法,对馆藏的几幅古旧字画上孳生的疑似霉斑进行分离、纯化、培养、鉴定,鉴定结果确定霉菌有肉色曲霉Aspergillus carneus、草酸青霉菌Penicillium oxalicum、花斑曲霉Aspergillus versicolor、杂色曲霉Aspergullus versicolor、宛氏拟青霉Paecilomyces varioti Bainier、赤散囊菌Eurotium rubrum、产黄青霉Penicillium Chrysogenum、辐毛小鬼伞Coprinellus radians,此鉴定结果可为进一步的霉斑去除以及防霉技术研究提供科学指导。     

西安曲江翠竹园西汉壁画墓霉菌分析研究

本文对西安翠竹园西汉壁画墓中的霉菌进行样品采集,采用微生物学实验技术方法进行霉菌鉴定,结果表明该壁画墓存在的霉菌为园弧青霉、淡紫青霉、桔青霉、内果青霉、新月弯孢菌、茄丝核菌等6种霉菌类种另外,根据霉菌鉴定结果和该壁画墓的具体情况,提出了相应的杀菌、防霉剂筛选方法和防霉措施。     

Disparities in entrepreneurial activity and attitude across EU countries

The levels and characteristics of entrepreneurship differ widely across EU countries and regions. Taking as reference data provided by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor on entrepreneurial activity and entrepreneurial attitude, this paper analyses the disparities in entrepreneurship indicators among EU member countries in 2007 and 2013, highlighting the most significant changes that occurred during the Great Recession. Some of the major indices of inequality are calculated (Gini, Theil and Atkinson) and the change in the Gini coefficient between these two years is additively decomposed into mobility and progressivity components. Overall, we find that cross-national inequalities tend to increase in the procyclical aspects of entrepreneurial activity and attitude, while they tend to decrease in the countercyclical aspects. For entrepreneurial activity indicators, we reveal that heterogeneity increases in indicators such as opportunity-driven entrepreneurial activity and total entrepreneurial activity, while necessity-driven entrepreneurial activity becomes more homogeneous across countries. Regarding entrepreneurial attitudes, disparities among countries decrease in all indicators, except in perceived opportunities, for which cross-national inequality grows considerably during the crisis period.     

志丹苑元代水闸遗址霉菌及防霉剂抑菌效果的再调查与评估

志丹苑元代水闸遗址中处于潮湿环境条件下的木构件经IPBC(碘代丙炔基氨基甲酸酯Iodopropy-nyl Butyl Carbamate)处理已有8年,2012年时测得其细菌总量及真菌总量比2007年分别减少89.25%和55.56%,且木构件中微生物主要类群也在变化。可近年发现IPBC药物的药效在缩短,为了更加有效地治理志丹苑元代水闸遗址饱水木构件上生长的霉菌,对遗址木构件霉菌种类再次进行调查,并对防霉剂IPBC抑菌性能进行再评估。本研究从遗址木构件中分离到8类高丰度霉菌,通过菌落形态特征、培养特性和DNA-ITS序列分析等方法进行菌种的鉴定,发现种类与前几次有明显不同。例如,本次在遗址广泛分布着的一种盘菌科下未分类的菌及绿色木霉都是前几次未曾发现过的。用滤纸片抑菌圈法对这些菌进行IPBC抑菌试验。分析结果发现,木质文物霉菌的防治药物有待升级。     

Diurnal and semi-diurnal tides in the equatorial middle atmosphere

As part of the DYANA Programme, six rocket launchings (ship-borne) were conducted on three days in the equatorial region (Indian Ocean/Arabian Sea region). Using the temperature and wind data from these launchings, the diurnal and semi-diurnal tidal components in wind and temperature in the middle atmosphere are obtained and are compared with theoretical predictions. It is found that significant departures occur between the observed and theoretical values. The results are discussed in the light of current theoretical understanding of the tides.     

A Statistical Method for Analyzing the Spatial Relationship between the Distribution of Activity Points and the Distribution of Activity Continuously Distributed over a Region

This paper shows a statistical method for analyzing the spatial relationship between the distributions of two different kinds of activity in a region. One kind of activity is discretely distributed as points in a region (such as the distribution of retail stores), and the other kind of activity is continuously distributed over the region (such as the distribution of population). First, three models representing the relationship between the above two distributions are formulated. Second, statistical methods for fitting these models to data are developed and the measures of fitness are proposed. Third, using these measures, the relationship between the distributions of thirty-seven kinds of retail stores and the distribution of population is examined in a suburb of Osaka in Japan.     

IMF effects in the appearance of slant E conditions (SEC) in the northern and southern polar regions

Vertical sounding data of the polar ionosphere are used to study slant E condition (SEC) related to the development of instabilities in the ionospheric plasma. The measurements from three Arctic and three Antarctic stations located correspondingly in the polar cap, daytime cusp and auroral zone are analyzed. It is shown that the SEC daily variations in these three regions are different. Distinctions between SEC features in the opposite hemispheres are affected by the azimuthal and vertical interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) components.     

WELCOME TO THE NEIGHBORHOOD: HOW CAN REGIONAL SCIENCE CONTRIBUTE TO THE STUDY OF NEIGHBORHOODS?*

ABSTRACT We argue in this paper that neighborhoods are highly relevant for the types of issues at the heart of regional science. First, residential and economic activity takes place in particular locations, and particular neighborhoods. Many attributes of those neighborhood environments matter for this activity, from the physical amenities, to the quality of the public and private services received. Second, those neighborhoods vary in their placement in the larger region and this broader arrangement of neighborhoods is particularly important for location choices, commuting behavior and travel patterns. Third, sorting across these neighborhoods by race and income may well matter for educational and labor market outcomes, important components of a region's overall economic activity. For each of these areas we suggest a series of unanswered questions that would benefit from more attention. Focused on neighborhood characteristics themselves, there are important gaps in our understanding of how neighborhoods change – the causes and the consequences. In terms of the overall pattern of neighborhoods and resulting commuting patterns, this connects directly to current concerns about environmental sustainability and there is much need for research relevant to policy makers. And in terms of segregation and sorting across neighborhoods, work is needed on better spatial measures. In addition, housing market causes and consequences for local economic activity are under researched. We expand on each of these, finishing with some suggestions on how newly available data, with improved spatial identifiers, may enable regional scientists to answer some of these research questions.     

Coalition Stability and Belief Change: Advocacy Coalitions in U.S. Foreign Policy and the Creation of Israel, 1922–44

This study examines whether advocacy coalitions are stable over time by examining legislative hearings data concerning U.S. foreign policy and the creation of Israel. It uses content analysis of 19 different policy core and deep core belief components applied to testimonies given in 1922 and in 1944. These belief components are used to identify members of advocacy coalitions and to test the coalitions' relative stability of membership over time. In addition, this research examines the stability of the belief systems of these advocacy coalitions. It finds that the structures of the advocacy coalitions remained relatively stable, yet new components of policy core beliefs emerged among all three advocacy coalitions, and such components are converging toward the belief system of the coalition advocating for the creation of Israel.     

Explaining prehistoric variation in the abundance of large prey: A zooarchaeological analysis of deer and rabbit hunting along the Pecho Coast of Central California

Three main hypotheses are commonly employed to explain diachronic variation in the relative abundance of remains of large terrestrial herbivores: (1) large prey populations decline as a function of anthropogenic overexploitation; (2) large prey tends to increase as a result of increasing social payoffs; and (3) proportions of large terrestrial prey are dependent on stochastic fluctuations in climate. This paper tests predictions derived from these three hypotheses through a zooarchaeological analysis of eleven temporal components from three sites on central California’s Pecho Coast. Specifically, we examine the trade-offs between hunting rabbits (Sylvilagus spp.) and deer (Odocoileus hemionus) using models derived from human behavioral ecology. The results show that foragers exploited a robust population of deer throughout most of the Holocene, only doing otherwise during periods associated with climatic trends unfavorable to larger herbivores. The most recent component (Late Prehistoric/Contact era) shows modest evidence of localized resource depression and perhaps greater social benefits from hunting larger prey; we suggest that these final changes resulted from the introduction of bow and arrow technology. Overall, results suggest that along central California’s Pecho Coast, density independent factors described as climatically-mediated prey choice best predict changes in the relative abundance of large terrestrial herbivores through the Holocene.     

A survey of simultaneous observations of the high-latitude ionosphere and interplanetary magnetic field with EISCAT and AMPTE-UKS

This paper surveys the results of simultaneous observations by the EISCAT incoherent scatter radar and the AMPTE-UKS satellite, made during three periods in September and October 1984, when AMPTE-UKS was in the solar wind on the dayside of the Earth and the UK-POLAR EISCAT experiment was measuring ionospheric parameters at invariant latitudes 70.8–75.0°. A total of 42 h of EISCAT convection velocity data, with 2.5 min resolution, were obtained, together with 28 h of simultaneous 5 s resolution AMPTE-UKS observations of the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). The general features of the AMPTE-UKS data are described in Section 2 and those of the EISCAT data are described in Sections 3 and 4. The main subjects discussed are the form of the plasma convection patterns and their dependence on all three components of the IMF (Section 5), the ionospheric response to abrupt changes in the IMF (Section 6), in particular a sharp ‘southward turning’ of the IMF on 27 October 1984, and a crossing of an IMF sector boundary. Section 7 describes ‘short lived rapid flow burst’, which are believed to be related to flux transfer events at the magnetopause.     

Fruit and seed biomineralization and its effect on preservation

Mineralised fruits and seeds are frequently found in archaeological sediments but their chemical nature has not been often examined. The nature and the origin of these archaeobotanical remains have to be investigated to understand their taphonomic history. Fruits or seeds can be mineralised not only by replacement mineralisation but also by biomineralisation during the plant life. The mineral components of three fossil fruits sampled on the Pleistocene site of Dmanisi were analysed and compared with their modern analogues. Analyses were carried out by means of an environmental scanning electron microscope, equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray device and by means of a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Biogenic carbonates and/or biogenic silica were identified in the fossil and modern fruits of some taxa. Comparison between fossil and modern specimens has shown that molecular reorganisation occurred in carbonate and in biogenic silica during fossilisation, through diagenetic processes. The resulting stable mineral structures confer an exceptional preservation to fruits in sediments. Taking into account these taphonomic specificities (transformation and differential preservation), the chronological and palaeoenvironmental aspects of the mineralised fruits are discussed.