Persian Linguistics in the Twentieth Century

This article focuses on Persian linguistics with the emphasis on grammar and word formation in the twentieth century. After presenting a brief overview of the history of the study of grammar in Iran, I discuss the recent trends in linguistics from diachronic to synchronic aspects. In Persian diachronic linguistics, we will see that most works focus on the reading, and deciphering of the old texts. In synchronic studies, there are three main stages: 1) traditional linguistics, 2) structural linguistics, and 3) generative or formal linguistics. I show how each one of these stages affects Persian linguistics in the twentieth century. Finally, I conclude the article by looking at the current state of Persian linguistics and the future prospects for the field.     

20世纪伊朗与以色列关系评析

本文认为,巴列维时期伊朗与以色列结成“外围联盟”,共同应对苏联的威胁和激进阿拉伯国家的挑战。伊朗伊斯兰教革命后,尽管霍梅尼从意识形态出发强烈反对以色列,但因各自国家安全利益的需要,两伊战争期间伊以仍然保持着秘密武器交易。随着冷战后苏联的解体和伊拉克在海湾战争中被削弱,共同的敌人消失了,伊以为争夺在中东地缘政治中的优势地位展开了激烈竞争甚至对抗,伊朗以反对中东和平进程和支持阿拉伯激进组织来对付以色列;而以色列则竭力把伊朗排除在中东和平进程之外,大力渲染伊朗伊斯兰原教旨主义和伊核计划对中东稳定及世界和平的威胁,以引起美国等西方国家对伊朗的关注、制裁,甚至军事打击,保持以色列在中东的强国地位。