清代西辽河流域人口增长及其对环境的影响

西辽河流域是国家实施西部大开发战略的重点地区之一,属于典型的生态敏感区和生态脆弱区,研究流域人口变化及其对环境的影响是寻求区域人地关系和谐发展的必由之路。本文考察了清代260余年间西辽河流域蒙古族和汉族人口的变化,并指出正是由于清政府不能从长远的观点制定合理的开发政策,使人口增长过快,增强了人口对资源的压力,造成了植被的破坏、野生动物的锐减和土地退化与水土流失的出现。因此,政府在制定开发政策时,要从长远的观点出发,处理好产业发展与保护环境的关系。     

清代湟水流域生态环境概貌及其基本特征

本文主要利用地方志资料,初步复原清代湟水流域生态环境的概貌,并归纳该区生态环境的基本特征。通过研究,笔者认为清前期湟水流域的生态环境面貌基本良好,但较为脆弱;清代中后期,基于农业垦殖的加剧,当地生态环境逐渐改变;到了清末民初,当地自然灾害发生较前代频繁,部分动植物资源日渐减少,生态恶化日益显露。     

干旱区流域下游绿洲环境变化及其成因分析——以甘肃省河西地区石羊河流域下游民勤县为例

本文主要根据社会调查结果资料分析了甘肃省河西地区石羊河流域下游民勤县的环境变化趋势及其成因,认为中国西部干旱区各流域下游几乎都存在环境恶化趋势。20世纪50年代以来,该地区地下水位迅速下降,沙漠化、土壤盐渍化、植被衰退过程加快,农业生产受到很大影响。造成环境变化的人文原因主要是全流域人口增长过快所引致的耕地扩张所造成的农业用水需求无节制的增长,导致中上游截留下游淡水资源,使得下游地下水利用规模逐年扩张引致地下水位快速下降和水质迅速恶化。后者又导致盐渍化过程加剧以及农业产量的急剧下降。农业产量下降又成为盲目开垦荒地的主导因素之一。这些都导致了植被衰退和破坏,共同造成了生态环境的灾难性突变。     

变化趋势与空间差异——清代豫北水利问题的再认识

清代河南北部有相对较为发达的水利与农业生产水平。不过,对水利实际情况应当置于农业生产的利用中进行评价。不难发现,在人口增加带来人地关系日益紧张的同时,豫北的水利随着水资源条件的恶化日益萎缩而越来越不能满足农业生产的需要,并由此带来了诸多社会问题。在小型水利发挥越来越重要作用的同时,对水利的分配成为解决这一问题的一种选择。水利不仅取决于水资源条件,农业生产的需求对水利分配有更复杂的影响,对有限水资源的分配形成了不同的水利空间。     

《中国历史地理论纲》评介

《中国历史地理论纲》评介龚胜生本世纪７０年代以来,由于人口急剧增长、资源过度消耗、生态环境恶化、南北差距扩大等世界性问题的出现,人类生存与发展开始面临着严重的威胁和挑战,人口、资源、环境、发展关系问题,特别是人地关系问题受到了前所未有的广泛关注。中国...     

清代陕西植棉业发展及棉花产销格局

本文以清代陕西棉花产销格局分析入手,考察了这一时期陕西植棉业发展的盛衰起伏、变迁过程,对晚清陕西棉花品种改良与推广时间进行了辨析,初步匡算出清代陕西棉花产销数量,并对清前、后期陕西棉花运销路线的变化及其影响因素作了分析,是研究陕西农业近代化过程的一个基础。     

试论鸿沟流域的生态环境变迁及其影响

鸿沟流域的生态环境在历史时期发生了很大的变化,大量河流湖泊被淹废,大面积的农田变成了沙丘或沙地,土壤沙化和盐碱化的程度不断加强,生态环境的不断恶化不仅影响了本地的农业发展,还促进了人口的大量南迁。     

书讯

<正>陆韧、马琦、唐国莉著《历史时期滇池流域人地关系及生态环境演变研究》由社会科学文献出版社于2018年10月出版。该书是在国家社科基金资助项目"历史时期滇池流域人地关系及生态环境演变研究"结项成果基础上修改而成的,共九章,分上编和下编。上编为"远古至唐宋时期滇池水域变迁与人类活动",下编为"水利时代滇池区域的人地关系",全面梳理了历史时期滇池水系和坝区农业的发展过程。     

“宋以来区域文化建构与社会变迁”学术研讨会简讯

<正>2016年6月24日,由南昌大学人文学院历史系主办的"宋以来区域文化建构与社会变迁"学术研讨会在南昌大学召开,30余位专家学者围绕宋以来的地方行政建置与社会控制、区域生态环境与社会开发、地域文化建构与社会认同、区域经济发展与社会变迁等议题进行了深入探讨和交流。常建华论述了清代乾嘉时期江西乡保、地保等地方行政职役的变化。陈锋对清代     

清代汉水上游的水资源环境与社会变迁

本文选取清代汉水上游的汉中府辖区,以堰渠水利为切入点并将其置于当地自然、社会长期演变的大背景中去考察,探讨国家权力与地域社会之间的整合关系,揭示基层社会的演变趋势及其生态环境背景与财政经济根源。文章认为:清代中后期,汉中水资源环境明显恶化是多种因素共同作用的后果,与当地的地质地貌特征、气候变迁存在密切关系,而移民开发则诱发、加剧了这一恶化步伐。清代以来,当地民办水利勃兴,官办水利日益具有民间化趋势,这与自然环境演变、赋役财政改革、水利组织管理的变化是相辅相成的。这些相互关联的多重变动,反映了社会控制权的下移、官府对水利社会的控制更为间接。     

平城的居民规模与平城时代的经济模式

北魏在平城时代进入了由游牧政权向封建政权过渡的历史时期。频繁的军事征服使北魏政权日益强盛,被不断迁徙到其京都平城的人户数量庞大,平城因而获得空前发展,居民规模达百万。畜牧与农耕并重的经济模式,成为影响平城持续繁荣的最主要因素。     

Local Knowledge and Economic Realities Affecting Soil Erosion in the Rach Rat Catchment,Vietnam

Several parts of Binh Phuóc Province, southern Vietnam, suffer from degraded soils and vegetation as a result of both natural erosion of weak mud rocks and sandstones and intensive human activity, especially through land clearing for agriculture on unstable slopes, deforestation, and abandonment of poor farmland. The underlying cause of this land degradation has been the farming habits of migrants of varying ethnic groups who have settled in the area since 1980. The indigenous farming knowledge of these people and the role of that knowledge in soil erosion were examined by a series of household surveys. They enabled farming practices to be related to ground cover established from a 2002 Landsat 7 ETM (Enhanced Thematic Mapper), and erosion data from a series of erosion bridge measurements. A GIS (Geographical Information System) approach was piloted as a means of identifying areas vulnerable to erosion. This could then be combined with the understanding of farming practices to reveal the relative roles of farmer behaviour, crop cover, and slope and soil characteristics in the erosion process. Land use, local people's knowledge and economic realities are the main factors, as well as natural conditions, that drive this land degradation.     

Early farming in hordaland,western Norway. Problems and approaches in archaeology and pollen analysis

This article discusses the evidence of farming settlements in Neolithic times in the county of Hordaland, in western Norway, and possible ways for future research to establish the introduction of a farming economy, with its cultural and ecological implications.

Using distribution maps, Bakka demonstrates how the people of the mainly hunting and fishing sub‐Neolithic dwelling‐place culture of the Middle Neolithic period preferred a coastal area of habitation, while the find groups of Neolithic artifacts are generally to be found in those areas more suitable for farming. This change of habitat is interpreted as evidence of a general change in economic structure, with a greatly increased emphasis on agriculture.

Kaland discusses the Sub‐Boreal history of vegetation in Hordaland as revealed by pollen analysis. The earliest phase of agriculture in the pollen diagrams is dated in relation to the pollenanalytical leading horizons, the shore‐line displacement, radiocarbon measurements and the archaeological chronology. He puts forward the working hypothesis that in the sub‐Neolithic culture of the Middle Neolithic period some animal husbandry may have been practised in zone VIII b as a supplementary means of livelihood, and that this was followed by a phase of cereal growing in zone VIII c. The Late Neolithic culture appears to be responsible for this more intensive mixed farming, and this corresponds to the archaeological evidence of the introduction of cereal cultivation, which demands the better‐soils of the later farming land.     

Indigenous migrants negotiating belonging: Peticiones de cambio de fuero in Cajamarca,Peru, 17th–18th centuries

Prehispanic corporate social units in northern Peru, the pachacas or ayllus and the guarangas, continued to structure social life in Cajamarca throughout the Spanish colonial period. They were restructured by Spanish rule, as they had been by the Inca conquest before. Spanish rule also reshaped indigenous migration and the social categorization of the migrants, which was closely intertwined with the regime of land tenure. This article takes a look at the integration of new and old migrants and their descendants into the local social structure and examines how they negotiated their belonging in petitions to change or defend their fuero. The petitioners successfully argued on the basis of their ancestry, whether legitimate or not, and activated personal networks on their behalf. In that, they paralleled mestizo and mulatto petitioners who, like migrants, benefited from fiscal prerogatives, which were however challenged during the course of the 18^th century, leading to a partial re-categorization. The redistribution of land was an important motive in these late colonial re-categorizations, but also earlier in the colonial period the absence of bonds to the land was an essential characteristic of being categorized as a ‘migrant.’     

BOSERUP BACKWARDS? AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION AS ‘ITS OWN DRIVING FORCE’ IN THE MBULU HIGHLANDS,TANZANIA

Why do farmers intensify their agricultural practices? Recent revisions of African environmental historiographies have greatly enriched our understanding of human–environmental interactions. To simply point at poor farming practices as the main cause of deforestation, desertification and other processes of land degradation is, for example, no longer possible. The contemporary analytical focus is instead on the complex and often unpredictable set of causal relations between societal, ecological and climatic factors. In the literature on agricultural intensification, conventionally defined driving forces, such as population pressure and market demand, remain important explanatory factors despite a growing body of research that suggests more dynamic scenarios of agricultural development and landscape change. This article reports on a case where the common‐sense logic of population pressure theory has dominated the historical narrative of a local process of agricultural intensification among an agro‐pastoral people in north‐central Tanzania. By way of a ‘detailed participatory landscape analyses’ a more complex and dynamic historical process of intensification is suggested, in which the landscape and the process of agricultural intensification itself are in focus. It is concluded that the accumulation of landesque capital has been incremental in character, and that the process of agricultural intensification in the study area has largely been its own driving force based on self‐reinforcing processes of change, and not a consequence of land scarcity and population pressure. This result demonstrates the possibility and usefulness of reversing the Bose‐rupian argument in analyses of agricultural intensification.     

The transnational world of Chinese entrepreneurs in Chicago, 1870s to 1940s: New sources and perspectives on southern Chinese emigration

This article contributes to an ongoing dialogue on the causes of migration and emigration and the relationship between migrants/emigrants and their homelands by investigating historical materials dealing with the Chinese in Chicago from 1870s to 1940s. It shows that patterns of Chinese migration/emigration overseas have endured for a long period, from pre-Qing times to today’s global capitalist expansionism. The key argument is that from the very beginning of these patterns, it has been trans-local and transnational connections that have acted as primary vehicles facilitating survival in the new land. While adjusting their lives in new environments, migrants and emigrants have made conscious efforts to maintain and renew socioeconomic and emotional ties with their homelands, thus creating transnational ethnic experiences.     

沈阳市工业空间重组及其动力机制

在分析城市工业空间结构演进规律的基础上,对沈阳市改革开放以来工业空间结构的演变进行分析,发现沈阳市工业的空间扩散趋势明显,进入工业郊区化的发展阶段。城区传统工业企业外迁,优化了城区的土地利用结构。近郊工业化成效显著,成为沈阳市新的工业基地。指出工业发展和结构调整,城市土地使用制度改革,生态城市建设,跨国公司的FDI,文化观念的转变均是影响沈阳市工业空间重组的重要因素。     

A CONSOLIDATED MODEL OF MONOCENTRIC CITIES AND AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF URBAN SCALES AND LAND PRICES IN CHINESE CITIES*

ABSTRACT Motivated by the newly established Chinese urban land markets, we develop a theoretical model that unifies the “closed” and “open” features of the classical monocentric city model. The model features interactions between permanent urban residents and migrants and exhibits a distinctive equilibrium pattern. The theoretical model is tested empirically, using recent Chinese city‐level data. The empirical findings indicate that market forces now play an important role in urban expansion and land price formation, while various forms of government planning are still influential. Our results show that migrants exert a less pronounced impact than the classical “open” city model has suggested.